Jill Lepore, new york burning

New York Burning, by Jill Lepore, is an interesting yet flawed study of a 1741 conspiracy among New York’s slaves, which authorities discovered in the wake of ten fires started by African Americans.   While the work claims to examine the slave revolts and ensuing trials (in which over a hundred blacks were executed by hanging or burning) as evidence of how political opposition formed and functioned, it succeeds much better as a study of race relations and the culture of paranoia. Lepore’s thesis is that the 1741 conspiracy, while based more on hearsay and forced confessions than on actual evidence, occurred within a climate of political and intellectual ferment that made political pluralism (and, ultimately, the American political system) possible.   Indeed, the New York she describes was already politically divided in the wake of the landmark Zenger trial of 1735, in which printer John Peter Zenger was charged with printing libelous attacks against the arbitrary, heavy-handed colonial governor. His acquittal laid the foundations for free speech but also caused a political schism, as two rival political factions formed – the Court party, which supported the royal governors, and the Country Party, an opposition group which demanded greater liberties.   (However, she makes clear that liberty was reserved strictly for whites and pertained more to the press and taxation than to individuals, certainly those of color.)   Mutual mistrust between the two parties lingered for years. The 1741 conspiracy took place, says Lepore, within a rather tense and paranoid context.   It began in March with a fire at the city’s only military outpost, Fort George.   Subsequent blazes over the next few weeks broke out at houses and businesses belonging to Court party members, and these were quickly followed by a series of arrests and trials that lasted into the summer. Twenty whites and 152 blacks (slave and free) were arrested and over a hundred people executed, including many Country Party members’ slaves and servants.   Lepore claims that the end result of these events was greater acceptance of political opposition, but her work does less to connect the slave plot to politics than it does to describe a place beset by racism and paranoia. In tracing the plot’s evolution, Lepore offers the reader a detailed description of New York in 1741.   A former Dutch colony with a multilingual population and sizeable slave population, New York had considerable political division and a strangely paranoid culture.   Not only were fears of slave rebellions prevalent and population politically split, but novels and plays about intrigues were common and highly popular.   (She notes that George Farquhar’s The Beaux’ Stratagem was then the city’s most popular play.) New Yorkers were thus highly sensitive to anything resembling a plot and unusually prone to imagine such things; Lepore writes, â€Å"Nothing ‘just happened’ in the early eighteenth century.   There was always a villain to be caught, a conspiracy to be detected.   The century was lousy with intrigues† (51). In addition, she asserts that the black plotters may have been misunderstood by white witnesses who overheard them in Hughson’s tavern, taking oaths and swearing revenge on New York. She demonstrates that, much like New England’s slaves staged mock â€Å"election days† to both mimic and satirize white culture, the New York plotters may have been imitating their masters, many of whom were Masons (and thus mistrusted in an early America which saw wrongdoing in their secrecy and rituals).   Horsmanden, says Lepore, viewed the trial like a conspiracy novel and, â€Å"In an anxious empire, he found monstrous black creatures . . . [and] political plotters† (122) from whom he thought he could save the city. The 1741 plot was thus tailor-made for the age.   It involved a group of New York blacks who swore oaths to burn down the city, kill its white men, take their wives, and to install a tavern keeper and small-time criminal named John Hughson as the new governor.   After the arsonists were captured and confessions extracted (in some cases with torture, which could not legally be used on whites but was freely used against blacks), the colony’s Supreme Court was eager to demonstrate its authority and regain some of the credibility it lost after the Zenger trial.   In particular, Lepore devotes considerable attention to Daniel Horsmanden, the English judge who prosecuted Zenger and was eager to redeem himself. Lepore relies heavily on his own journal of the trial, pointing out its biases and distortions, and she comments that Horsmanden considered losing the Zenger trial â€Å"a gross humiliation† and that the 1741 plot offered him â€Å"an unrivaled opportunity to consolidate the court’s power.   He could make a name for himself† (118). Indeed, his handling of the trial shows not only his zeal but also how poorly colonial courts handled evidence and how grossly they mistreated black defendants.   Four whites and over a hundred blacks were executed, often in a grisly manner that assuaged the nervous city.   According to Lepore, whites enjoyed public executions and attended â€Å"out of hatred, out of obligation, out of fascination† and, â€Å"like imprisonment, interrogation, and trial, an execution was a pageant† (105).   Trials and executions of rebellious slaves were especially celebrated, as the racial order was preserved. Though the book claims to examine the 1741 slave plot’s meaning in terms of politics, is actually spends little time doing this and her analysis is thus somewhat underdeveloped.   However, Lepore offers an excellent picture of colonial New York’s race relations, which were volatile and tense, adding that â€Å"however much ‘liberty’ some enslaved New Yorkers might have enjoyed, it was always fragile and nearly always illicit† (155). Whites so feared blacks that they passed laws regulating their right to gather freely and set grossly unfair standards for sexual conduct (white men could exploit black women without penalty, but black men were sternly discouraged from consensual relations with white women).   It is little wonder, then, that blacks resented their white masters and neighbors.   Also, at the same time, though, the court was quick to attribute the plot’s leadership to Hughson, a smuggler and thief on the side, because few believed blacks intellectually capable of hatching such a scheme. Lepore ends the book by claiming that the 1741 plot demonstrates how New York’s colonial politics operated.   Horsmanden, who exacted a vicious justice on the conspirators, was stripped of his political offices in 1747 and then became a champion of the liberties he had denied as a judge.   His activities redeemed him and one of his posts was restored to him in 1755. Lepore uses this, along with the Zenger trial, as evidence of how New Yorkers became more tolerant of opposition politics, but she does not tie this very convincingly to the slave plot.   Indeed, her discussion of New York’s colonial politics pales in comparison to her picture of New York’s social and cultural landscapes. New York Burning appears to be two different histories in one, with its study of race relations and fear of conspiracies submerged within its examination of how the plot influenced politics.   The political aspects are not as well-developed and Lepore does not argue very convincingly that the Zenger trial and slave conspiracy demonstrate how New Yorkers handled the question of political opposition. The author devotes much of the book to exploring race and culture, and she creates a vivid, convincing picture of how early New Yorkers combined fear of their slaves with their taste for (and sensitivity to) conspiracy and intrigues.   Had the book been a study of race and paranoia, instead of claiming these were only parts of a developing political culture, it would likely have been a stronger piece of scholarship.   The book succeeds as a cultural history while failing to connect race and culture to the developing political landscape of early America. Lepore, Jill.   New York Burning.   New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt

Prompt: Analyze changes and continuities in long-distance migrations in the period from 1700 to 1900. Be sure to include specific examples from at least TWO different world regions. The first migrations to the Americans were by cattle. The North had more slaves than the South. The South had a successful slave revolt. Trains in Russia caused the serfs to run faster. Teepees were mobile homes for Indians. Bantus migrated to California for the movie industry. Main technology that remained the same in migrations was shoes. Butterfly migration Chinese migrated to escape the weather. Migration is when a group of girls go to the bathroom together. There is no significant evidence and analysis of immigration to Antarctica. Think about it. Would you rather ride a camel or walk on hot sand? Land migration took longer because animals had to have restroom breaks. The Bantus always had nourishment and body parts to use for economic reasons. Stalin also put outrageous quotas on goods and if the quotas weren’t met, he cut off the limbs of your child. People came to America by cattle. Bantus migrated to Hawaii, where they brought new products. Adventures of penguins migrating from Antarctica. European pheasants migrated to America Ancient Egyptians migrated to South Africa every summer. When a Chinese person arrives in Egypt, the Chinese norms will be adopted by the Egyptians. When the invention of the train exploded, people were spread all over the world. The Vikings were Jewish. They became Christian when they invaded Europe. Australia was a pit stop for traders. If it wasn’t for the slave trade, President Obama wouldn’t exist and without expansion, Hawaii wouldn’t be a state, so Obama couldn’t be President. What’s so special about 1700 to 1900? Nothing. This should be enough. The Amish converted to Muslim and had to leave Amish territory. Jews would run from Germany to America. The Jews who came included Isaac Newton, who helped the U. S. invent the atomic bomb. Some things remain the same when it comes to migration. The Himalayas were located in India and still are. A problem with long-distance migration was in the space from Arica to America had water and other interruptions. Coastal regions were located near water. Sea migration was faster because you could just float. Bantus migrated to escape forced conversion to Islam and were introduced to Communism, bringing bananas. I hope you liked this break from the boring crap you usually read. Slaves were shipped to American through the Bermuda Triangle. The Bible migrated a lot. Peasants were treated like pets. The Mongols were like a hockey team, going from place to place to annihilate. Zombies will always migrate in search of brains. Trains were s low. Sometimes you could outrun them. Man y came to North America for job opportunities like trapping the French. The Bantus migrated to America in the 1800s. It took three years. There are no records of this. Birds migrate south for the winter and have been doing so for a long time. When slaves ran away, they often didn’t make it back to Africa. If people migrated through the Arctic, they would be cold. Romans migrated to Southern Connecticut but found life there to be difficult. People are bipolar so they move. Slaves caught the Underground Railroad.

Inside the Story and Movie of Beowulf

Ever since I was younger I remember reading the story of Beowulf in my English and thinking how much better it would be if it had a movie to it. Little did I know it did, produced in 1999 my English teacher Mr. Billings made us watch then movie then discuss the two stories. Now when I saw this movie I could not stay awake to save my life. Then in 2007 another movie with the story of Beowulf came out and I was excited as it got great reviews. Now when I watched the movie, I noticed many similarities and differences from the poem and the movie.So with what I can recall from the story line and the movie I will give a brief explanation of what these two stories had in common and not common. There are many similarities between the poem and movie of Beowulf. Some include the clothes, the drinking, some fight scenes, and Beowulf’s arrogance. When we first read the story you can tell the description of the older style clothes and armor and spot on throughout the movie. Another similar ity is the drinking between the two stories. When we first read the book we hear about the Danes hall where they celebrate and drink till they pass out.When we watch the movie you see many scenes of these men drinking mass amounts of alcohol. The next similarity I want to talk about is the fight scene between Grendel and Beowulf. At the beginning of the story Beowulf grasps Grendel’s’ hand until he breaks Grendel’s’ fingers which stays true to the poem. Also it is important to mention that that in the movie and poem, Beowulf is seen as a hero of humans able to overpower the Danes. This is why he arrogant throughout both stories thinking he can destroy anything in his path.Now as we all know, most of the time when a book or poem is turned into a movie it will have many differences. I was not surprised to see the movie of Beowulf not stay true to the original poem. The first difference we come across is at the beginning of the movie as it starts off with Gr endel’s death, when in the poem it starts with the Danes having a beer party in the hall. The major difference between the two is the poem actually explained a detailed story line of Beowulf’s journey. When I watched I movie I felt if left out some important pieces that i like in the poem.Another big difference was the fight between Beowulf and the dragon. In the movie Beowulf had the cut part of his off arm off and he rips out the heart of the dragon. Now this scene is extremely different from the poem, the movie just added more dramatics to make the viewer more into the movie. Now in this writer professional opinion I thought the movie and poem had many differences but still caught the essence and story of Beowulf. This movie and poem are connected by a history of power and violence in which we can see bloody scenes and deaths.There also two histories that lack of love, and neither of them provides any link of friendship, but rather each of them cares about their own , every character of the movie and poem takes care of themselves because they have to fight to defend themselves from the terrible things that happen. Another important aspect of the two stories are they both belong to the old English period with differences with the pronunciation of Modern English and the English spoken at the time of the poem.So as you can see there are many major differences and similarities between both the poem and movie and Beowulf. I hope after you have read this compare and contrast essay you will have more knowledge over the poem and movie of Beowulf. The story and movie of Beowulf is one of my favorites and a great memory of why I love to read. So no matter what, if you have not yet read of seen the movie I highly encourage you to as it’s a great story, one to not be forgotten.

Code-switching among students in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Code-switching among students in the UK - Essay Example Without doubt, the intertwining of the languages can be noted as a globalization issue, which has occurred in unprecedented way in the today’s highly communicative world. The standardization of the world has been brought forth due to the immense communication as well as escalating of the process of globalization (Rouchdy, 2004). It follows therefore that the increased spread of English language, the pace of globalization and the media progression has ease the potential of â€Å"code-switching† each day (MacSwan, 2010). On the other side, code switching is taken as a negative experience. As much as it is a frequent phenomenon in several parts of the globe, many assert that code switching is a sign of illiteracy or the lameness of having the ability to control two languages (Poplack, 1980). Among the Mexican-American the term â€Å"Tex-Max,† which can be noted as a derogative is used to indicate the mixing of the English and Spanish. In the same way the French –speaking but Canadian communities, the word joule is used to point out a speakers who posses poor language skills just to mention but a few (Nortier, 2008). There are several notion of pointing out fingers to some individuals who usually switch codes (Warner, 2007). At most, they find themselves being sidelined. However, the question is, what is the reason behind these increasing negative attitudes that faces those individual who switch codes? According to scholars, one of the major reasons behind this is the adherence to social norms that goes against the use of mixing codes in the scholarly scenario. One of the areas that code switching has been viewed as a negative phenomenon even by teachers is Hong Kong. In addition, students have joined the teachers in support of negativity on the code switch ing (Suleiman, 1974). This has instilled fear into many students during lesson,

City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

City of God - Essay Example Considering the type of theme presented in the story, this article will use the movie to analyze various planning issues in the film like urban slum and physical environment, urban crime and youth gang, lack of social and economic mobility and the importance of Education. The movies is a perfect depiction of life in the urban slums since it presents many incidence which are slums-like. The movie presents various lifestyles that relates to the slums style of living, from how people relate to the type of business carried out. First, the movies shows that in the urban slums people usually do not have homesteads where they can enjoy their privacy. This is shown at the beginning of the movie when the gang chases after chicken which obviously was not there’s. The gang chasing the chicken, shows that no individual have privacy in the city instead they live in plots. This is a perfect description of the today’s urban slum life where individuals usually live in places they rent besides other individuals. Further, the movie also presents the real traits of individuals living in the slums. When the gang meets Rocket, he (Rocket) presents a strong feeling that the gang were likely to kill him. This is a vivid description for the lawlessness existing in the physical environment of the urban slums. ... This depiction of lawlessness also makes the movie to be relevant as it presents a real life in the urban slums with how the people are trying to life. Most of the governments always presents little support to the people living in the urban slums. Consequently, it is possible to conclude that the movie presents sarcasm to the governments who usually live far from the people in the slums. The theme of the movie can also be depicted in the taligne, â€Å"if you run, the beast catches; if you stay, the beast eats† (Netfix,2002). This taligne is a good interpretation of what is happening in the slums where individuals do not know the fate of what they are doing. In proper English, the taligen means that an individual there are both positive and negative consequences of doing something good or bad. They have to do it whether it is bad or good, since there is no authority to regulate the actions. Urban crimes and youth gang The plot of the movie comes out to be crime oriented, with presentation of the youth gangs, who an individual can depict as the ones controlling the whole city. The youth gang does what they feel like at any time, with the public having no objection but to accommodate them. From the beginning of the movie, the movie depicts a gang chasing after a chicken, which is obviously not theirs. Further, the gang also meets Rocket and the only thing coming in his mind is that they are likely to kill him. This depicts a region where crime is the talk of the day, with no action taken by the authorities. The people in the region live by the â€Å"law† set by the crime perpetrators. To show that the people live by crime, the movie depicts three thieves whom there is job is to loot the existing business while taking part of their loot to the people. This is

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lab Report Example However, severe malfunction of the heart and the nervous system can be caused by significant excess of the elements in the body. Abnormally high or low levels of sodium or potassium can be caused by excess use of diuretic drugs, poor diet or impaired kidney function. These conditions may lead to nausea, seizures, lethargy, irregular heartbeat, coma and even death in severe cases. Although cases of deliberate poisoning using sodium and potassium, they are readily and widely available in a salt form. Potassium chloride solution can be administered through intravenous injection and have been used in euthanasia and political assassinations. Sodium and potassium levels can be monitored using flame photometry. The analytical technique is a simple form of atomic spectroscopy that depends on the atomic emission process. The solution of the sample is drawn into a flame which is sufficiently hot to cause atomization and electronic excitation of certain elements. They emit visible radiation at wavelengths that are specific to that element as the atoms return to their ground state. The radiation is isolated by an appropriate filter and converted to an electrical current that is proportional to the intensity of the emitted radiation therefore determining the concentration of the element. Flame photometers are relatively cheap and portable but can only determine alkaline and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium barium and lithium (Chawla, 2003). This experiment is aimed to measure the concentrations of sodium and potassium by use of flame photometry in a range of samples in connection to fictitious criminal investigation. An 18 month old infant, Master Nathaniel Carbuncle, was admitted to a hospital intensive care unit suffering from nausea and fatigue, a slow heartbeat and weak pulse. The child was found to have an abnormal blood electrolyte

Project Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Project Leadership - Essay Example And now, even the processes involved in upgrading the knowledge and skills of people are changing. Business organizations realize that the only way to survive in this kind of environment is to undertake continuous improvement through education and training. Towards this end, LRH Manufacturing has made a very strategic decision to adapt and grow with all these changes and consequently become more dynamic. The instructor-led training will now be replaced with the Web-based training system. Aside from the fact that the company needs to comply with government regulations on its product, there is the manifest need to establish the accuracy of its training records and ensure the participation of concerned employees in the mandated company trainings. The manual process of the current a Web- based Training Project Manager to oversee the program, new tools to be utilized, and everyone will be required to learn the new tools and utilize them in undertaking the training. It assures, however, that no employee or manager will be replaced, no new responsibilities will be added, but additional skills will be learned. The Training Department will continue to play an important role in the continuous improvement of the new program’s design and implementation. The Web-based Training Manager will just facilitate and help all key players in the new undertaking, especially ensuring that all the new knowledge will be acquired in an easy learning environment. He will be accessible to everyone and will also be openly reaching out to all. Adapting to the changes in the business environment is believed to be one way of maintaining organizational effectiveness. Edgar Schein, in his book Organizational Psychology, theorizes that organizations which fail to sense changes in the environment often become ineffective. This new training program will pave the way for LRH

Assignment in medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment in medicine - Essay Example The article is under social & administrative pharmacy. The research topic is â€Å"A Pharmacy-Based Coaching Program to Improve Adherence to Antidepressant Treatment among Primary Care Patients.† this article is under the â€Å"social & administrative pharmacy† pharmacy discipline because of the coaching program and its inclusion of antidepressant care to primary care patients exclusively. A social aspect arises from the study being published in the journal â€Å"Psychiatric Services† (Brook, Hout, Stalman, Nieuwenhuyse, Bakker, Heerdink, and Haan 487). This publisher means the study focused less on the effectiveness or lack thereof of drugs, and more on the coaching program. The study is important because training patients to identify their drugs and telling depressed patients what to expect can enhance their adherence to antidepressant medication. The article’s objective is to enhance adherence to nontricyclic antidepressant regimens amongst depressed patients via a pharmacist involvement. Yes, the researchers used a statement of hypothesis, which was that â€Å"positive expectations and a belief in the benefits and efficacy of treatment [are] essential to adherence† (Brook, Hout, Stalman, Nieuwenhuyse, Bakker, Heerdink, and Haan 488). Independent variables involved in this study are patients with and without depression, pharmacists, an ethical committee, symptoms, and coaches. Dependent variables were the community clinic, pharmacy, randomized regimens, themes, computerized prescriptions, and protocol analyses. The population of the study was a sum of 147 primary care patients diagnosed with depression. The sample included a new prescription of antidepressant medicine for each of these patients, coaching pharmacists, and different prescribing pharmacists. The sampling procedure entailed prescribing new antidepressant medication to each of the patients and measuring their adherence by use of an electronic tablet

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study Research Paper

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study - Research Paper Example She manages the situation stating that knowing more about the history and long term objectives of the firm is essential to answer their queries. The members are happy with the interaction as they have little knowledge about CQI. Stepchuck is taking advantage of the client’s ignorance by assigning Todd as an expert in CQI. Although Todd is genuine and wants to ensure openness, the president insists her to continue with the project. Now Todd has two options; either quit the job or take up the role of CQI expert. (1). At this juncture, the new job raises certain ethical dilemmas that Todd has to address immediately. Both ‘role ambiguity and role conflict’ are identified in the context, because as stated above â€Å"neither the client nor the OD practitioner is clear about the respective responsibilities† (p. 62). Moreover, the role ambiguity and role conflict will lead to subsequent dilemmas especially ‘coercion, value and goal conflict, and technical ineptness’. To illustrate, Todd does not want to jeopardize her honesty while working with the new project. At the same time she wants to help her client in some way, though CQI is not her cup of tea. The current dilemmas can be solely attributed to the unethical stance of Todd’s employer, because his intention is entirely different from that of the client firm and his staff Todd. Evidently, Stepchuck is running a profit driven business heeding little attention to the actual needs or interests of the clients. As the case indicates, if the client is not sure about the issues they want to address, an unethical professional like Stepchuck tends to take unfair advantage of the situation. Even if Todd undertakes the assignment, she may have to face challenges associated with the stated dilemmas. (2). The way Todd responded to the situation at the meeting seems reasonable. A professional like Todd does not want to disclose the

In and out of cloud computing Literature review

In and out of cloud computing - Literature review Example In an attempt of trying to gain a competitive advantage, businesses are eagerly looking for innovative ways of maximizing profits, while cutting down costs. Their growth ambition is normally hindered by money saving pressure. They therefore try new methods and ideas, which they think can produce better results than what they tried yesterday. It is this innovative technologies growing acceptance that has made clod computing to be the IT’s biggest buzzword (Basset 1997, P.13). However, it is very important for any organization to fully understand what, how, why, and from whom ideas, before jumping into cloud computing. Providers of cloud computing are not the same and their services are different in range and quality, and hence, it is advisable that potential users do a thorough investigation into the nature of services they are bound to receive. According to Basset (1997, p.15), the main economic appeal of cloud computing is that it allows customers to only use what they need a nd only pay for what they use. These resources can easily be accessed at all times from the cloud, from any location, through the internet. It is also called ‘IT on demand’ or utility computing because you simply buy your required IT service, just like any other utility. It makes use of remote servers, which are housed in data centers that are highly secured for data management and storage. Therefore, organizations have no need of buying and looking after their in-house IT solutions. This review aims at assessing the extent to which cloud base computing can replace in-house. Literature Review Key Concepts of Cloud Computing Cloud computing can be seen as a pyramid of three sections. At the apex is cloud application. This is where applications are interacted and run through a web browser, re mote client or hosted desktop. Cloud application removes the install and run application need in the computer of the customer. This removes the need for support, ongoing operations, and software maintenance. Johnson (1998, p.107) asserts that the cloud platform is in the middle, and provides a service framework. It dynamically configures, and reconfigures servers according to the need to cope with decrease or increase in demand. The cloud infrastructure forms the pyramid’s foundation of IT infrastructure via virtualization. It includes, networks, servers and hardware appliances, which act as â€Å"web servers†, â€Å"cloud centers† or â€Å"farms†. Johnson (1998, p.108) concludes that interlinking these with others provides additional capacity and resilience. There are three types of cloud computing namely private, public and hybrid. The public cloud is also called the external cloud and describes cloud computing as often virtualized, dynamically provisioned, and scalable resources that re readily available in the internet, from a third party provider, who is normally off-site, for example ThinkGrid. Private cloud is also referred to as internal or corporate cloud, and denotes a computing architecture that provides a host of private services. It is used by many large companies, but negates many cloud computing benefits, because such companies will still need to buy set up and monitor their clouds. Hybrid cloud combines providers of internal and external resources, thus becoming enterprises’ most popular choice. There are many services that can be achieved via cloud computing by taking advantage e of

Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critique - Article Example Questionnaires were also administered to both groups. The focus of the questions is the kind of stress and the coping strategies suggested by mothers. The results of the study reveal that depending on the extent of the stress, the influence of the mothers’ suggested coping strategies may be adapted by the youth. Furthermore, the research shows that the youth would react positively to stress if their mothers offer some tips on how to deal with peer stress. clinical psychology, psychology graduate students, a post baccalaureate-level research assistant, or advanced undergraduate students†. They were trained extensively for the job that they were supposed to do. The qualifications of the interviewers add credence to the results of the study. Another strength of the study is that the conclusions are validated by the correlation analysis applied to the data gathered. The interpretation and discussion of the results are clearly disseminated in the report. One weakness of the study is that only mothers were included in the research. It is important to note that parenting does not only involve mothers. Fathers play an important role too in the development of the child. The study assumes that it is only the mothers who offer suggestions on coping with peer stress. With regards to the participants of the study, there is no mention how they were chosen and what was the basis in selecting them. An important part of the study is the definition of the terms that are used in the research. It is appreciated that the terms â€Å"engagement† and â€Å"disengagement† responses are clearly defined at the beginning of the article. The listing down and description of the four categories of the responses to stress gives a more meaningful understanding of the results of the questionnaires and interviews. This research is very significant in enhancing the relationship between mothers and their adolescent child. Since the research showed

Communication Style Case Study Essay Example for Free

Communication Style Case Study Essay Communication style is the method used to deliver our messages to others. Its outcome is affected by the style chosen by the individual to relay our message. The different styles are passive, assertive, aggressive, passive-aggressive. Throughout my experience in healthcare, I have either witness or taken part in different situations that used different styles of communication. There are three specific personal scenarios that come to mind when I think about the different styles of communication. First Personal Scenario During a nursing school hospital rotation I was assigned to follow a registered nurse and witness communication between the nurse and client. The nurse entered the clients room and without a courteous greeting such as good morning or a simple hello stated, â€Å"Mrs. Jones here is your medication.† The client responded, â€Å"I do not want it. All you do all day is give me too much medication.† The nurse replied with a firm tone of voice and eye rolling, â€Å"You have to take it. How do you expect to get better if you do not take your medicine?† Both the nurse and client used aggressive communication. The nurse could prevent the conflict with the client had she initiated an assertive style of communication. To improve the communication the nurse should respond assertively with a moderate voice pitch, a relaxed body stance, acknowledge the clients feelings, and encourage the client to address her concerns (Arnold Boggs, 2011). Also the nurse should explain why the client is being given the medication to help the client understand the reason. According to Hansten and Jackson (2009), to make communication clear we must explain why we need to take such actions. In this scenario the outcome using an aggressive style will lead to failure to achieve a client focused therapeutic relationship. Instead the client feels that they  cannot trust the nurse and respond aggressively. Trust is an essential component to a therapeutic relationship (Arnold Boggs, 2011). Had the nurse approached the client with a simple greeting followed by the name of medication and the reason for taking it, perhaps the client would have been more willing to be compliant with the recommended care. Second Personal Scena rio Recently I witness a situation where a nursing assistant was sitting at the nursing station and the nurse was walking by holding medications and a water cup in her hand. The nurse asked the nursing assistant, â€Å"The call light is on in room five and I need to give another client his medications. Would you please see what the client needs.† The nursing assistant crosses her arms and replies, â€Å"I am tired of these lazy nurses. I always have to do everything.† The nurse rolled her eyes and replied, â€Å"Just do your job and do what I asked.† In this situation the nursing assistant responded aggressively. The nurse first used the assertive style then replied using the aggressive style. Instead the nurse should have been consistent with an assertive response. For example she could of replied without rolling her eyes, using a medium voice pitch, abstain from insults, and acknowledge the other persons feelings (Hansten Jackson, 2009). The other person is more likely to listen if they are not feeling insulted and preventing the conflict from escalating (Hansten Jackson, 2009). Also, conflict should be addressed and not ignored to resolve it (Arford, 2005). In this situation the poor communication caused a lack of trust and took the focus away from the clients care. This in turn can cause retaliation among peers and jeopardize quality client care. Both conflicting parties are forgetting that their goal is to provide quality client focus care and collaboration is essential to deliver it. Collaboration helps accomplish better outcomes than one person alone (Arford, 2005). Third Personal Scenario I had a personal situation where the doctor ordered for a twenty-four hour urine collection. The procedure involves collecting the urine immediately after the client voids and transferring it to a special container kept on ice, to preserve the urine. I informed my nursing assistant, â€Å"I started a twenty-four hour urine collection in room 5. Can you please make sure to  check frequently for urine in the bedside commode and place it in the collection container.† The nursing assistance replied, â€Å"Ok. I will.† The next time I went into the clients room I noticed the ice where the container is kept had melted. I then replaced the ice and told my nursing assistant, â€Å"I noticed the ice had melted in room five. Please check on the ice levels hourly.† She replied, â€Å"Ok. I will.† It seemed as if every time I checked on the ice levels they had melted. I found myself frustrated and ended replacing the ice myself to get the job done correctly. I reali ze now that my communication with my assistant was non-assertive. My assistant was passive in her response. I failed to assess my assistant’s level of understanding of the procedure and instead I lost trust and became frustrated. Communication should be clear, complete and explain why we need a task done a certain way (Hansten Jackson, 2009). If I would of taken the extra time to explain the reason why we keep specimens on ice perhaps my assistant would of taken the time to do the task. In return I would have been able to attend to others duties had I been able to trust my assistant. Instead my message was incomplete and my reaction demonstrated a lack of trust toward my assistant. References Arford, P. H. (2005, March/April). Nurse-physician communication: An organizational accountability. Nursing Economics, 23(2), 72-77. Retrieved on March 16, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/2369346accountid=458 Arnold, E., Boggs, K. U. (2011). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Hansten, R. I., Jackson, M. (2009). Clinical delegation skills: A handbook for professional practice (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

The role of Marketing Strategy and Planning

The role of Marketing Strategy and Planning What is the role of marketing strategy and planning in a business? As a number of literature and empirical research underline the importance of marketing strategy and planning (Cannon 1978; Drechsler et al. 2013; Bearden 2001), this paper aims to demonstrate the importance of strategic marketing planning and to discuss their roles in the business. It will be divided into three parts. First, related literature will be reviewed to define marketing strategy and planning. Then, the paper discusses marketing strategy and planning’s functions. And in the final part of the paper, example from venture project will be illustrated to display how these functions apply. Marketing strategy and planning’s definition Strategy provides direction and exhibits long-term objective, in which all organizational approaches and resource allocation need to relate to (Jain et al. 2012; Porter 2002). The strategy refers to three levels, corporate, business and marketing (Bearden, 2011), which need to be coherent and consistent to one other (Jain et al. 2012). Corporate strategy provides overall organizational guideline, such as corporate vision and establishment of key business objectives, whereas, strategy in business level relates to overall market, for instance, a market scope (Bearden, 2001). In marketing level, strategy will specifically deal with the marketing mix, target market and marketing execution (Bearden, 2001), for example, unique selling point (USP) proposition, pricing strategy, finance and operations (Lavinsky 2013; Githens 2011). While strategy frames direction, planning deals with detailed implementation and determines a mean in terms of timing and sequence (Jain et al. 2012). It displays what and how to execute strategies in detail (Bearden, 2001), and includes contingency plans to cope with unexpected situations (Schilit, 1987). There is a slightly difference between marketing strategy and planning terms, nevertheless, they are, somehow, relevant. Strategic marketing planning’s roles While marketing strategy functions as a guideline or ‘what-to-do’, marketing planning associates with ‘how-to’ implement those strategies (Jain et al. 2012; Lake n.d.). As these two concepts show a mutual supported process (Lake, n.d.), a combination between two areas, strategic marketing planning (SMP) is emerged. SMP is a term to describe a strategic guideline that all organizational staff undertakes to yield expected outcomes (Baker 2007; Lorette n.d.). So, the following section will focus on SMP by describing factors that shape marketing strategy and SMP’s functions in a business. Supported by Cannon (1978), Jain et al. (2012) proposed that marketing strategy concerns with external assessment, which are customer’s needs and competitor analysis, and internal evaluation, which is company’s capability. The interplay among these three pillars, or 3Cs’ analysis, shapes marketing strategy (Hernandez, 2013). Consequently, strategic marketing reflects customer’s needs, creates product differentiations and corresponds to company’s capabilities properly (Nystrà ¶m 1986; Hernandez 2013; Drechsler et al. 2013). Based on aforementioned planning characteristics and three strategy’s factors, strategic marketing planning yields four main beneficial functions (Blythe and Megicks 2010; Lorette n.d.). First of all, (1) SMP minimises potential risks related to inconsistency between marketing plan and customers’ needs (Cannon, 1978). As a well-conducted research reflects true customers’ needs, marketers could launch desirable product that match to the market. Secondly, (2) a well-organized SMP generates sustainable competitive advantages, such as distinct unique selling point. Thirdly, (3) SMP is a guideline for marketers to pursue business goals regards to certain aspects, for example, it shows financial forecast and clear-cut role allocation, leading to effective financial management and operational efficiency. Lastly, (4) as SMP includes 3C’s model analysis, potential opportunities in the future are identified (Schilit, 1987). Overall, SMP plays important roles, which relates to customer (a desirable product that serves market’s needs), competitors (the marketing mix differentiation), and company (an effective resource allocation). It also allows marketers to recognize future opportunity if SMP has been developed properly (Schilit, 1987). Example: Foodmates, a student cooking community application To demonstrating SMP functions, this following example, a venture project, will be illustrated. Foodmates is a cooking community application for Manchester-based students. To initiate this idea, marketing strategy was established according to three pillars, which are customer, competitor and company. With respect to customer, we reviewed secondary data and conduct primary research to identify opportunities that we could tap into. Students in Manchester represent potential market with specific needs and problems. Three vital student-related implications were raised, which are the lack of cooking skills, high mobile application penetration rate, and active social network interaction. We also included questions to test Foodmates’ conceptual idea. This will ensure that Foodmates will not be rejected from the market. Consequently, our business will bear less of potential risks that might be posed. As cooking application is in a highly competitive market, we analyse competitors’ strategies and their marketing mix, to create differentiation. According to these analyses, we hold on to our 3S’s USP, which are student-focused, simple recipes and sharing community, as our distinct attributes. Foodmates is the online cooking space, where Manchester-based students can contribute their simple recipes to others by posting food pictures with described recipes. This mechanic encourages sharing simple menus, which makes us different from other cooking applications. In company’s assessment aspect, we did financial forecast to estimate start-up budget and considered who should take responsible for particular jobs. Even though they were hypothetically estimated, it allows us to get a picture of what aspects marketing plan should include, and how marketing plan plays a role as a roadmap to achieve business goals. Conclusion In conclusion, marketing strategy determines direction, while planning relates to mean and implementation. The integration between these two aspects triggers strategic marketing planning (SMP) process. The roles of SMP are primarily based on three essential dimensions, which are customer, competitor and company. An effective SMP will reflect customers’ needs so it lowers product’s failure rate in particular market. Moreover, it creates not only product differentiation, but also effective resource allocation within the company. By consider customer, competitor and company aspects, the ultimate goal of SMP is a company’s sustainable success over other competitors in the market. References BAKER, M.J. (2007), â€Å"Marketing and corporate strategy†, in BAKER, M.J. (ed.), Marketing strategy and management, 4th ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, p. 50-76. BEARDEN, W.O. (2001), â€Å"Marketing’s strategic role in the organization†, in BEARDEN, W.O. et al. (eds.), Marketing: Principles Perspectives, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill Irwin, Boston, p. 51-73. BLYTHE, J. and MEGICKS, P. (2010), â€Å"Introduction to marketing planning†, in BLYTHE, J. and MEGICKS, P., Marketing Planning: Strategy, Environment and Context, Pearson, Edinburgh, p. 1-22. CANNON, T. (1978), â€Å"New product development†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 12 No.3, p. 217-248. DRECHSLER, W. et al. (2013), â€Å"Improving Marketings Contribution to New Product Development†, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 30 No.2, p. 298-315. GITHENS, G. (2011), A guide to the three types of strategy and business model scope, [Online] Available from: http://leadingstrategicinitiatives.com/2011/07/10/a-guide-to-the-three-types-of-strategy-and-business-model-scope/ [Accessed 11/01/2014]. HERNANDEZ, H. (2013), Simple Approach to a high level 3C’s Analysis, [Online] Available from: http://ochodigital.com/blog/simple-approach-high-level-3cs-analysis/ [Accessed 23/12/2013]. JAIN, S.C. et al. (2012), â€Å"Marketing and the concept of planning and strategy†, in JAIN, S.C. et al. (eds.), Marketing planning and strategy, Cengage, Australia, p. 3-27. LAKE, L. (n.d.), Marketing Strategy vs. Marketing Plan, [Online] Available from: http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/a/Marketing-Strategy-Vs-Marketing-Plan.htm [Accessed 23/12/2013]. LAVINSKY, D. (2013), Marketing plan template: Exactly what to include, [Online] Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/davelavinsky/2013/09/30/marketing-plan-template-exactly-what-to-include/ [Accessed 11/01/2014]. LORETTE, K. (n.d.), The role of marketing planning in business, [Online] Available from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-marketing-planning-business-3234.html [Accessed 23/12/2013]. NYSTRÃâ€"M, H. (1986), â€Å"Balancing competition and cooperation, the key to successful marketing strategy†. In: 3rd International I.M.P. Research seminar on international marketing, France, September 1986. France: IMP, p. 1-19. PORTER, M.E. (2002), â€Å"What is strategy†, in MAZZUCATO, M. (ed.), Strategy for business, SAGE, London, p. 10-31. SCHILIT, W.K. (1987), â€Å"How to write a winning business plan†, Business Horizons, Vol.30 No.5, p. 13-22.

The Importance Of Branding

The Importance Of Branding 1. INTRODUCTION: Now a day, the companies have recognized the importance of branding as an important key to success. This assignment is aims to analyse the importance of branding and its role in ensuring success in business. The scope of assignment covers the introduction to the brand, need of branding, key concepts in branding, importance of branding, brand architecture and role of branding for creating value. The exploratory studies include the both business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C) markets. The research is based upon secondary data, collected from secondary sources such as journal articles, scholarly reviews, books and websites. In the end, a conclusion has been presented, based upon the research findings along with recommendations. 2. BRANDING: The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines the brand as, a design, name, symbol, term, logo or symbol or combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. The branding is, endowing products and services with the power of a brand (Kotler and Keller, 2009, p241). The Malhotra (2012) defines the branding as, process of utilizing marketing strategies to enhance their products or services image so that it is more readily recollected by the customer. A product or service is called brand only when its dimensions differentiate from others, but satisfy the same need. The point of difference can be related to products performance (functional, tangible and rational) or related to the image/abstract of brand (intangible, emotional or symbolic). The success of branding strategy of a company is mainly dependent on its brand planning, consists of branding models. The Keller (2009, p2) presents two important models for building brand. (a) Brand Positioning Model: The focus of the brand positioning model is to establish the competitive advantage in the minds of customers. Its all about positioning brand better than others. The competitive positioning can be developed through four steps. Competitive Framework of Reference: identify the competitors and the nature of competition in the market. Creating Point of Difference (POD): identify the attributes and features, different from competitors products. Creating Point of Parity (POP): Identify the attributes and features, similar to the competitors products. Creating Brand Mantra: A core promise or brand essence, three to five word phrases, presents the spirit of the brand. Like Nokia Connecting People, TESCO, every little help, Sony Ericson Finger Talk, McDonald I M loving it (Gangal, 2011); (TESCO-Strategy, 2012). (b) Brand Resonance Model: The brand resonance model focuses creating intense and loyal relationships with customers. The key components of this model are following (Appendix 1) (Keller, 2009); these four steps are also guided by brand pyramid (six building blocks) consist of brand salience, brand meaning, brand response, brand judgement, brand feeling and brand resonance, which help in connoting the sequence. Brand identity: Describe who are you? Through brand awareness. Brand Meaning: Describe what are you? Through defining POP POD. Brand Response: Describe what about you? Through positive actions. Brand Relationships: Describe what about you and me? Through loyalty. 1.1 Need of Branding: The marketers engage in creating brand and promoting brands due to many reasons, because they understand the significance of branding into their business. The different authors / researchers presents the different reasons (motives), behind making their brands. The Kotler and Keller (2009, p241) and CMS (2011) indicates towards differentiating motive as a major reason of branding. The marketers are engaged in branding, because they want to make their products different than other branded and non-branded products, so that the consumer can easily identify their brand, otherwise, without branding, the consumer cannot identify the products of a particular seller (brand). The Malhotra (2012) presents the reason behind branding is to enhance the image of a product that can be recalled by customers. When consumers are having high image of product in their minds, they can easily recognize the brand among other brands. A chocolate lover can easily recognize KitKat Chocolate as it is his favourite chocolate brand and he is having high image in its mind, so he would be only KitKat chocolate among other chocolate brands. The ultimate impact of high brand image results in higher sales and higher customer loyalty. The Foster (2011); Hankinson (2012, p974) states that the branding plays vital role in the success of business. When a company does create brands of its products and services, it enjoys many benefits such as, (a) branding differentiates the companys products from other products. (b) branding provides the company with communication ways in order to communicate the messages, principles, values and characteristics of products to customers. (c) Branding builds the report of company in the market, as new products with good quality and reasonable quality are best known in the market. (d) Branding is an effective way of developing the loyalty of customers. (e) Once the brand is established, the companies also feel ease to launch a new brand or product under its established brands. (f) Strong brands also help the company in difficult times or at the time of crises. (g) branding helps the companys in winning the purchase decisions of customers. (h) branding increases the branding recall among customer and ends up with strong customer loyalty. 1.2 Key Concepts of Branding: The key concepts of branding are the pillars, which help the companies to promote their brands towards their target customers. (a) Brand Positioning: Branding positioning is all about placing an image of the brand in the minds of customers. The Keller (2009, p6) describes the positioning as, act of designing the companys offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. (c) Brand Attributes: The brand attributes are bundle of features and characteristics which highlights personality aspects of brand (Managementstudyguide.com, 2009). The brand attributes are developed through actions, images and advertising. (c) Brand Elements: The brand elements are components, which creates the identity of brands such as name, slogan, colour, characters, symbol, sound, jingle, shape, graphic, tastes and movements etc. (Kerr, 2012). For example, the symbol of Honda (H), slogan of TESCO every little helps, character of KFC KFC + old man, the yellow colour of McDonalds (M) and jingle of Nokia (Tune) etc. are the examples of brand elements, which creates the brand. (d) Brand Personality: The personality of brand is, sum total of characteristics of the organization or its culture, which reflects the organizations philosophy and mission (brandXpress.net, 2008). (e) Unique Selling Propositions (USP): The effectiveness of branding strategy can be enhanced through better identification and highlighting the USPs. The USPs are the key characteristics and factors, which presents that the companys product is better than competitors products (Kerr, 2012). (f) Brand Image: The brand image is basically customers set of beliefs about a specific brand (Managementstudyguide.com, 2009). The image of a brand is built up with the core association about brand in the mind of customers. (g) Emotional Branding: The emotional branding is consumers attachment to a specific, relevant and strong emotion (bonding), love or companionship to the brand (Rossiter and Bellman, 2012, p291). The focus of companies is to gain the emotional attachment of people, because when people are emotionally attached to a brand, it creates attitudinal loyalty that is beyond of behavioural loyalty. The emotional branding is effective for those products, which seeks the high involvement of people and positively motivated. The traditional advertising (based upon USPs) is also much effective for creating emotional attachment, but the impact of customers positive experience of products is effective in highly competitive dynamic environment. (h) Internal Branding: Due to the paradigm shift from product to services, a need of internal branding has been increased rapidly. There people actually deliver the services to final customers, so their role is vital in service delivery. They can deliver the service only when they truly understand the brand identity, commitments, values and elements, which can be communicated to internal employees through internal branding (Patla and Pandit, 2012, p115). The effectiveness of internal branding can be measured through employee complaints and feedbacks. Further, employees emotional attachment and lesser communication gap also enhance the efficiency of internal branding (Franà §ois-Gagne, 2012). 1.3 Importance of Branding: The most distinctive capability of marketing managers is to create, maintain, enhance and protect the brands, because they know the importance of branding for their business. It is said that the great brands, such as Nike, Sony, Mercedes etc. are not accidently become great, but they are the result of planned and thoughtful branding strategies (Keller, 2009). The important aspect of branding is that it enables the companies to launch their own brands and also protect their brand through registering copyrights (Kotler and Keller, 2009, p242). The high street clothing brands such as Next, Nike, Levis and Wallis etc. are running their own branded products through registering their own brands, which not only differentiate them from market competitors but also protect their brands from the copy. The big retailers such as TESCO, Sainsburys, Morrisons and Primark etc. have also launched their private label brands, which helped the companies establish their own brands in competition and thei r brands and trade market are registered, so its protection for them due to branding. According to CMS (2011), branding also supports the advertising strategy of a company, because when people are quite familiar with the brand name, colour, logo, symbol or any other brand element, then people, when they see advertised, feels their emotional attachment and feelings for the brand. In addition, if the people are having a good branding experience, then a high level of attachment will be formed and it will take the customers towards buying decisions and remain loyal. The key aspect of a brand is that, an effective branding strategy does not work for a sole brand but also works for the entire companys brand. The Kerr (2012) states that an effective branding increases the sales, but the impact of effective branding is not limited to the one brand or service, but all other brands receive the impact, associated with a particular brand. An effective branding of Apply iPhone 4 is not only promotes the brand equity of Apple and promotion of iPhone 4, but also promotes the other iPhone models and products of Apple. The Ashton and Pressey (2011, p1027) claim the branding reduces the competition. This concept is similar to the differentiation strategy, opposite of cost leadership strategy. A company that is facing high competition from its competitor can avoid the competition through differentiating its products from others with the help of branding. There are many examples about avoiding competition from branding. The Mercedes is a brand of automobiles, but it positioned itself as premium and luxury brand, bring out itself out from competition of regular car brands. TESCO belongs to the retail industry, but it positioned itself as wholesaler or cheaper product brand. Redbull belongs to the beverage industry, but it positioned itself as energy drink and separated itself from other beverage brands. This is how branding differentiates the products from the competition. The red action and blue ocean strategy also help the companies to avoid from competition (Appendix 2) (Kim and Mauborgne, 2010). The key responsibility of brands is to create value for their stakeholders. According to Kotler and Keller (2009, p242), the branding works for both consumers and companies. For consumers, brandings help them in identifying their favourite brands, because when brands are identical, consumer can easily recognize them. It also helps the consumers to identify the brands, based upon the experience, which brands satisfy their needs and which dont. Consumers are also saving from risks of buying such products, which are not giving them the true value of money. In the modern world, in which consumers are time starved, complicated and more rushed, so branding makes their lives easy with decision making and reducing risk. From the perspective of the firm, the key form of the value of a company is monetary benefits that means branding increases the returns on investment for their companys stakeholders through increasing sales. Further, brands also provide other benefits to companies. Branding simplifies the product tracing, product handling, maintaining accounting records, organizing inventory, legal protection and predicting demand for a particular product. Nestle UK Ireland is dealing in many brands across the UK, so branding of Nestle provides the company to differentiate its products from other companys products. The in-house facilities include locating the product, handling inventory and maintaining records of products (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Apart from internal attribute characteristics, brand elements and associations the branding strategy also leverages the brand equity from secondary sources such as Things (third party endorsements, events, causes), places (channels, country of origin), People (employee, celebrities, endorsements) and other sources (company, alliances, ingredients and extensions) (Appendix 4). The brand uses the foreign brand names, language and country of origin (Coo) in order to enhance brand equity of their product (Melnyk, Klein and V-lckner, 2012, p21); (Herstein, 2012, p147). The branding creates the value for its stakeholders through increasing sales, profitability and return on investment. When a strong brand is successful in achieving loyalty (both behavioural and attitudinal), then customers make repeat purchase and also recommends its fellows and friends to buy from the particular company (called positive word of mouth and referral group impact) (Kapferer, 2008, p20). Further, the strong brand can easily charge higher from their loyal customers, so using the premium pricing strategy for strong brand is an easy and strong brand also makes the customers less elastic to price increase (Kotler and Keller, 2009, p244). In short, from a financial perspective, the strong brands can get higher returns on investments. 1.5 Role of Brand Architecture: The brand architecture represents the structure of brands in an organization. Brand architecture basically sets of all components of the brand, like brands visual requirements, operational requirements, story, promises, meaning and personality traits, under a single unified structure (Moderandi Inc, 2006). In brand architecture, the corporate brands or umbrella brands (overreaching brand, top brand) are used across the products in the company such as; Virgin Train, Virgin Cola, Virgin Mobiles and Virgin airlines etc. Brand architecture can be unitary (one company name for all brands: Virgins), hybrid (sub-brands work individually but linked with company brand: Nestle SA), and diversified (brands are marketed individually: Yams Food (Pizza Hut, KFC) Pepsi Brands) (MarketingforWAHM.com, 2012, p260). There are several benefits of advantage of brand architecture (Verma, 2009); (Kotler and Keller, 2009); (KENNEDY and McCOLL, 2012); (a) the company can easily manage the products across fa mily brands. (b) The consumers can easily recognize the brands as part of their favourite brand. (c) It develops understanding about brands, how brands are related to specific portfolio and how they are different from each others. (d) It also reflects that how sub-brands along with corporate brand support the core purpose of the overall corporate brand. (d) It helps to develop new brand elements for new products. (e) It can help to assess performance of corporate brand, family brand and sub-brands individually. The characteristics of brand architecture, simplicity, no more than two levels, flexibility and proper arrangement of brands improves the performance of brand architecture (Daye, 2009). 1.6 Branding for Business to Business (B2B) markets: The previous discussion on branding and its importance presents the role of branding for business to consumers (B2C) markets. The business to business (B2B) branding is almost same as B2C branding but there are few differences, which indicates towards using slight approach for B2B branding. (a) The corporate brand is more visible in B2B branding than product branding. (b) The B2B target market is smaller than B2C large customer population (selection of advertising strategy is important). (c) The contracts with customers are long term (so pricing and product details are important). (d) The decisions of branding in B2B are more inclined towards functional aspects. (e) B2B buyers are using rational decision making rather than emotional decision making. (f) B2B buyers focus business relationships more than individual sales. (g) B2B buyers are elastic more on price (Brown, 2009); (Miller, 2007). These differences stimulate the marketers to take different approach for branding in business to business markets. In B2B branding, the companies build their brand equity and achieve competitive advantage through their core brand values. For example, the brand value of Dell is flexibility, Sony is famous due to innovation and IBM is having brand value of quality. So, when buyers (other companies) would like to make purpose decisions, they would focus on key value of company before making buying decision (Hague, 2010). Secondly, the B2B buyers make buying decisions on the basis of product performance, product availability, product price and services (guaranty warranty), so marketers of B2B markets highlights these particular benefits of their products in advertising rather than focusing on attributes of products. Further they focus on tangible advertising materials such as indoor and outdoor material, one to one marketing, relationship marketing etc. One research findings states brands when personified as a human can be used to manage B2B customers relationship with in a B2B network (Gupta, Melew ar and Bourlaskis, 2010, p395). 1.7 Implications for Brand Managers: This section highlights the implications for brand managers, because there are some counter arguments on a few concepts of branding and suggestions for brand managers to understand these keep points in order to correct their focus and ripe the optimal benefits of branding (Malhotra, 2012) (Royston, 2006). Branding should be simple: The people can remember and recall the brands, which are simple and having positive associations. The complex brand elements and ideas are difficult to remember and recall. Brandings should be safe: The game of branding should be played safe. Especially in global brand marketing, brand managers must focus on following local culture, customs, norms and legislations that would keep the brand safe from social or legal threats. Branding should be different: The success of branding is only when it is different from competitors through using innovative strategies and methods as part of branding strategy. Its all about creating opportunities through telling the customers that you are different than competitors. A brand is not only a Logo: Although the logo and brand name is an important element of branding (CMS, 2011), but brand is not only the logo. Brand Loyalty never was telling: The success of branding strategy is not evaluated how good you are doing advertising and promotions in order to tell the people they should trust you, but this trust must be initiated by people by themselves that would reflect the true effect of branding. Positioning is presence: Now a day, actions speak louder than words. The positioning of brand is not what people feel about your brand, but what you really make them feel about your brand. 2. CONCLUSION: The findings of secondary research conclude that the branding is having significant importance for the success of business. The marketers get several advantages of branding such as, greater financial returns, greater loyalty, improved brand perception, larger margins, improved employee performance, opportunities of extensions and licensing, improved communication, less threat from competition and more elastics to price increase and less elastic to a price decrease and overall success of the business. For consumers, the branding helps the customers to select their favourite brand, make buying decisions easily and reduce the risk of buying less valued product against their money. Apart from business to consumer markets, the branding is also very helpful for business to business markets. Brand architecture is good practice of arranging the brand into sequence in accordance with their positions in architecture as corporate brand, sub-brand, line extensions etc. The use of brand architect ure is helpful for companies to manage their brands effectively. The implications for brand managers are to understand the true spirit of the brand, develop effective associations and manage the brand across the architecture in order to reap the maximum benefits of architecture.

The Right To Privacy By Robert Bork. :: essays research papers

The Right to Privacy by Robert Bork. Robert Bork's The Right of Privacy examined the landmark case Griswald v. Conneticut. Bork's "originalist" view proclaimed that Justice Douglas erroneously interpreted the right of privacy from the Constitution. The originalist view is that judges must strictly adhere to the language of the Constitution, thus people do not have a general right to privacy because it was never actually written into the Constitution. This view severely restricts judges in dealing with new issues that our forefathers could not have possibly envisioned. The inability of "originalist" to deal with modern and future problems displays a need for Supreme Court judges to be able to interpret laws from the Constitution. Without this ability it would be doubtful if people today could claim a general right to privacy. The Griswald case involved a bizarre law that forbade the use of condoms in the hope that it would prevent adulterous affairs. This deduction is as absurd as banning all sales of chocolate in order to prevent obesity. Robert Bork admitted that this law did not make sense, especially in the ability of government officials to enforce the law. Yet, Bork disagreed with the method used by Justice Douglas to overturn the conviction of two doctors distributing information on condoms. Bork felt that Douglas's liberal use of penumbras to create a zone of privacy was an excessive use of judicial power. Bork feels a judge must follow the Constitution and should not imply anything from the various ideas in the Constitution. This poses problems when trying to deal with cases that the Constitution does not specifically mention. For example, without the ability to interpret some of the various amendments in the constitution it would be virtually impossible for a judge to decide cases dealing with the on- line world. Is an on-line service provider similar to a magazine publisher (Responsible for the information that it disseminates) or like a bookstore (That is not specifically liable for the information that it disseminates)? These types of decisions cannot be solved with an "originalist" view, because the Constitution did not have the foresight to deal with such issues. In this same manner Justice Douglas implements penumbras to arrive at a general right of privacy that is not explicitly written into the Constitution. These penumbras are all valid within the spirit of the Constitution and does not go against anything specifically forbidden in the document. Thus, the justification of Justice Douglas to create a zone of privacy is legitimate and the old archaic Griswald laws is forever vanquished into the history books. Justice Douglas writes; "Various guarantees create zones of privacy.

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling    As the science of theoretical chemistry has matured, its focus   has shifted from analytically solvable problems, such as the   atomic structure of hydrogen, to more complex problems for which   analytical solutions are difficult or impossible to specify.    Important questions about the behavior of condensed phases of   matter, the electronic structure of heavy atoms and the _in   vivo_ conformation of biological macromolecules fall into this   class.   The powerful, highly-parallel supercomputers that have   evolved from recent advances in computing technology are ideally   suited to the mathematical modeling of these complex chemical   phenomena.   Simulations in which the trajectories of a large   number of interacting bodies must be computed simultaneously,   such as statistical-mechanical Monte Carlo studies or molecular   dynamics simulations, are particularly appropriate for   implementation on parallel machines.   I plan to devote my   graduate and postgraduate work to the theoretical study and   computational modeling of these many-body systems.      In preparation for this work, I have developed a strong   background in mathematics and computer science in addition to my   coursework in chemistry.   Given the current demand for increased   computing capacity, this background should prove beneficial.   For example, while recent advances in computer hardware alone   promise potential tenfold increases in speed, truly significant   jumps in computing power (speedups of, say, a thousandfold) will   require changes in currently available programming environments   and the reformulation of popular simulation algorithms.   Furthermore, until highly-parallel machines become widely   available, even modest increases in capacity will depend in part   upon the innovative use of existing hardware through the   continued modification of available software and the development   of new algorithms.   My elective work in computer science and   mathematics should prove useful for both the revision of   existin g programs and the eventual development of new programs   and languages specifically designed for the parallel   architecture of tomorrow's supercomputers.      After completing my doctoral work, I plan to seek employment as   a university professor.

Theories and Practices of Teacher Education

Lecturer: Dr. Carol Hordatt Gentles Course: Theories and Practices of Teacher Education COURSE CODE: EDTE 6003 ASSIGNMENT TWO University of the West Indies, Mona Campus Huntley Anderson 620040068 â€Å"The responsibility for Jamaican teachers’ professional development lies with teachers themselves. The fact that they do not understand this is because the quality of people we are recruiting into the profession is poor. † Teacher autonomy in professional development is both a right and a responsibility of the individual teacher.This can be furthered by the collaborative development of capacity within school communities working together to support professional development through joint planning and execution of professional development activities and events. It is the responsibility of the school to provide mechanisms and resources to ensure both individual teachers and groups of teachers have equitable access to professional development. It is sad to say that many colleag ues view professional development as a work procedure but not as a continuous development of competencies to deliver ones roles and responsibilities.Teacher Cadet EssayThe fact that they the majority of the teaching profession do not understand this is not because of a poor quality of teachers being recruited but because there are no implemented structures on how professional development is executed within the schools or delivered from the Ministry of Education. Until it is viewed as pertinent to ones’ personal development and is conducted in a meaningful way, this requirement to continue in the profession may lose the general objective for providing continuous training to develop individual competencies.Quality professional development has the power to increase educators’ knowledge of academic content and teaching skills, while changing the norm of what may Jamaican teachers believe about student learning and how they interact with students. Not all Jamaican teachersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ have bought into how powerful professional development transforming schools into places in which all adults and students are deeply engaged in learning and making meaning of their lives. Continuing Education The Jamaican experience should be encourage teachers to pursue further studies in teaching pedagogy.Working towards advanced degrees can be both financially and professional rewards such as working towards a graduate degree while there is a disconnect between teacher recruitment into the profession from personal development continuity, these organizations which is affiliate to teachers cannot only encourage teachers to take charge of their own development. There are a number of groups or associations with which the teacher are affiliates and they should help to develop programs to keep in touch with developments in the field, effective teaching practices, and changes in resources.Thus active a membership fees does not mean active participation but it will develop a sense of continuity and meaning to our profession like that of the legal or medical profession where professional development lies with the attorney or medical personnel to be upgraded frequently. Teachers’ views on professional Development will significantly influence their motivation to attend Professional Development and will influence its implementation, sustainability and success in integrating the curriculum and accompanying strategies into teachers’ regular classroom practices.When the quality of people that are recuited into the profession is poor they have no interest in profession development as they are not dedicated teachers. This teaching job for them might just be a means of surviving until a better job that interest comes along. These teachers are normally just qualified in the content area but lack teaching methods, so they just impart knowledge from book and does not provide innovative ways for teaching students. Some of these tea her have no passion for te aching the profession is just a stepping-stone for them.Jamaica Teaching Council believes that professional development should be required throughout the career of teachers. Poor quality teachers are not interested in the professional development programmes as they do not want to be provided with equal opportunities to gain and improve their knowledge and skills, which is important to their positions and job performance, as other dedicated employees in the profession. A lot of people who are being hired as teachers are basically not component. One view is that taxpayers contribute to a ystem, which should be a quality education system, employing quality educators and that poor quality teachers considered ineffective. The Jamaican education system currently has a stronghold power base of mediocrity located in a strong bureaucratic system that is always resisting changes in the teaching profession, so they show no interest in professional development as they are not interested in chan ges. They do not look for any form of opportunity as they are safe remaining in the same classroom, teaching the same subject to the same groups of students within the same programme.According to Spence (2008) great leaders and great teachers equal great student's. It therefore follows that poor quality teachers are choking the overall quality of teaching. Poor quality teachers fabricate excuses, take no responsibility for their actions, and are not very responsible to their students. They show very little or no interest in professional development as they rely soley on textbooks for content and activities and do not always link learning to student’s knowledge base. Once a poor quality teacher is recuited and moves up to permanent position it becomes very difficult to remove them from the system.These teachers continue to resist change and may even actively contribute to the removing of quality and innovated teachers from the system. Spence and Sawchuk shared a similar view t hat the classifications of poor performance are consistent average across the workplaces; at least twenty-five percent of teachers are of poor quality. With that percentage of poor quality in the education system, that is showing little or no interest in professional development, one can see that they not only sponsor poor performance of students, but they affect leadership and quality of teaching within the school.Research carried out on professional development (Sawchuk, Nov. 10, 2010) shows that professional development is a challenging one to study. Hard data which equates professional development and better quality teachers are difficult to come by. Professional development relies on a two-part transfer of knowledge, which indicate that teachers behaviour change in accordance with the new knowledge and skills and those changes must subsequently result in improved student mastery of subject matter.These complex matters relating to those transactions make professional development a challenging one, so one still does not have enough evidence to say that the quality of people that are being recruited into the teaching profession is poor because they do not feel that the responsibility for professional development lies with the teachers themselves but as a teacher of information technology I believe that it is pertinent to participate in professional development as it allows me to keep abreast with the rapid changes in technology and be able to use and impart this new and updated knowledge to my students.I am sure professional development for teachers who view it as ongoing learning opportunities believe it is vital to school success and teacher satisfaction. Reference Spence, Earline (2008) NAE (National Education Association) Great Public Schools for every student- Professional Development Harris, D. N. Sass, T. R. , â€Å"Teacher Training, Teacher Quality and Student Achievement† Journal of Public Economics,95, 2011. Sawchuk, S. , â€Å"EWA Research Brief: What Studies Say About Teacher Effectiveness,† 2011. Sawchuk, S. â€Å"Studies Link Classroom Observations to Student Achievement,† Education Week, April 26, 2011. Sawchuk, S. â€Å"New Teacher-Evaluation Systems Face Obstacles,† Education Week, Dec. 16, 2009. Sawchuk, S. , â€Å"TAP: More Than Performance Pay,† Education Week, April 1, 2009. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I believe that I have a responsibility for on-going professional development. Autonomy is determine my professional development needs based on my professional practice. Thus engaging in reflective practice to determine my professional development needs. Theories and Practices of Teacher Education Lecturer: Dr. Carol Hordatt Gentles Course: Theories and Practices of Teacher Education COURSE CODE: EDTE 6003 ASSIGNMENT TWO University of the West Indies, Mona Campus Huntley Anderson 620040068 â€Å"The responsibility for Jamaican teachers’ professional development lies with teachers themselves. The fact that they do not understand this is because the quality of people we are recruiting into the profession is poor. † Teacher autonomy in professional development is both a right and a responsibility of the individual teacher.This can be furthered by the collaborative development of capacity within school communities working together to support professional development through joint planning and execution of professional development activities and events. It is the responsibility of the school to provide mechanisms and resources to ensure both individual teachers and groups of teachers have equitable access to professional development. It is sad to say that many colleag ues view professional development as a work procedure but not as a continuous development of competencies to deliver ones roles and responsibilities.Teacher Cadet EssayThe fact that they the majority of the teaching profession do not understand this is not because of a poor quality of teachers being recruited but because there are no implemented structures on how professional development is executed within the schools or delivered from the Ministry of Education. Until it is viewed as pertinent to ones’ personal development and is conducted in a meaningful way, this requirement to continue in the profession may lose the general objective for providing continuous training to develop individual competencies.Quality professional development has the power to increase educators’ knowledge of academic content and teaching skills, while changing the norm of what may Jamaican teachers believe about student learning and how they interact with students. Not all Jamaican teachersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ have bought into how powerful professional development transforming schools into places in which all adults and students are deeply engaged in learning and making meaning of their lives. Continuing Education The Jamaican experience should be encourage teachers to pursue further studies in teaching pedagogy.Working towards advanced degrees can be both financially and professional rewards such as working towards a graduate degree while there is a disconnect between teacher recruitment into the profession from personal development continuity, these organizations which is affiliate to teachers cannot only encourage teachers to take charge of their own development. There are a number of groups or associations with which the teacher are affiliates and they should help to develop programs to keep in touch with developments in the field, effective teaching practices, and changes in resources.Thus active a membership fees does not mean active participation but it will develop a sense of continuity and meaning to our profession like that of the legal or medical profession where professional development lies with the attorney or medical personnel to be upgraded frequently. Teachers’ views on professional Development will significantly influence their motivation to attend Professional Development and will influence its implementation, sustainability and success in integrating the curriculum and accompanying strategies into teachers’ regular classroom practices.When the quality of people that are recuited into the profession is poor they have no interest in profession development as they are not dedicated teachers. This teaching job for them might just be a means of surviving until a better job that interest comes along. These teachers are normally just qualified in the content area but lack teaching methods, so they just impart knowledge from book and does not provide innovative ways for teaching students. Some of these tea her have no passion for te aching the profession is just a stepping-stone for them.Jamaica Teaching Council believes that professional development should be required throughout the career of teachers. Poor quality teachers are not interested in the professional development programmes as they do not want to be provided with equal opportunities to gain and improve their knowledge and skills, which is important to their positions and job performance, as other dedicated employees in the profession. A lot of people who are being hired as teachers are basically not component. One view is that taxpayers contribute to a ystem, which should be a quality education system, employing quality educators and that poor quality teachers considered ineffective. The Jamaican education system currently has a stronghold power base of mediocrity located in a strong bureaucratic system that is always resisting changes in the teaching profession, so they show no interest in professional development as they are not interested in chan ges. They do not look for any form of opportunity as they are safe remaining in the same classroom, teaching the same subject to the same groups of students within the same programme.According to Spence (2008) great leaders and great teachers equal great student's. It therefore follows that poor quality teachers are choking the overall quality of teaching. Poor quality teachers fabricate excuses, take no responsibility for their actions, and are not very responsible to their students. They show very little or no interest in professional development as they rely soley on textbooks for content and activities and do not always link learning to student’s knowledge base. Once a poor quality teacher is recuited and moves up to permanent position it becomes very difficult to remove them from the system.These teachers continue to resist change and may even actively contribute to the removing of quality and innovated teachers from the system. Spence and Sawchuk shared a similar view t hat the classifications of poor performance are consistent average across the workplaces; at least twenty-five percent of teachers are of poor quality. With that percentage of poor quality in the education system, that is showing little or no interest in professional development, one can see that they not only sponsor poor performance of students, but they affect leadership and quality of teaching within the school.Research carried out on professional development (Sawchuk, Nov. 10, 2010) shows that professional development is a challenging one to study. Hard data which equates professional development and better quality teachers are difficult to come by. Professional development relies on a two-part transfer of knowledge, which indicate that teachers behaviour change in accordance with the new knowledge and skills and those changes must subsequently result in improved student mastery of subject matter.These complex matters relating to those transactions make professional development a challenging one, so one still does not have enough evidence to say that the quality of people that are being recruited into the teaching profession is poor because they do not feel that the responsibility for professional development lies with the teachers themselves but as a teacher of information technology I believe that it is pertinent to participate in professional development as it allows me to keep abreast with the rapid changes in technology and be able to use and impart this new and updated knowledge to my students.I am sure professional development for teachers who view it as ongoing learning opportunities believe it is vital to school success and teacher satisfaction. Reference Spence, Earline (2008) NAE (National Education Association) Great Public Schools for every student- Professional Development Harris, D. N. Sass, T. R. , â€Å"Teacher Training, Teacher Quality and Student Achievement† Journal of Public Economics,95, 2011. Sawchuk, S. , â€Å"EWA Research Brief: What Studies Say About Teacher Effectiveness,† 2011. Sawchuk, S. â€Å"Studies Link Classroom Observations to Student Achievement,† Education Week, April 26, 2011. Sawchuk, S. â€Å"New Teacher-Evaluation Systems Face Obstacles,† Education Week, Dec. 16, 2009. Sawchuk, S. , â€Å"TAP: More Than Performance Pay,† Education Week, April 1, 2009. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I believe that I have a responsibility for on-going professional development. Autonomy is determine my professional development needs based on my professional practice. Thus engaging in reflective practice to determine my professional development needs.

College Student Stress Coping

College students facing academic, social, and other stresses such as finances and how to cope with them. The most common stress most college students face is the stress from the work load that is common in a higher education system. This is the major challenge, and you will be facing without the close guidance you may have previously enjoyed from a teacher or parent; Social stress seems to be more prominent with underclassmen leaving home and there support structure from home but can affect any college student.Most students find that the number one cause of stress for them is financially trying to juggle a full load, and work full time to support yourself and for other students pay for school. Academic stress seems to be what cause the biggest problem for most students. There are some things you can do if you would like to lower your stress level and make student life better. First thing you should do is get the right information from the very beginning. How many lectures, seminars o r laboratory sessions are you supposed to be attending?With your assignments make sure you know exactly what you are being asked to do? How many words you’re expected to write and what the deadline is for handing it in. Also try to set up your own space for academic’s to make it easier to focus and concentrate, if you have a noisy roommate try to find a place in the library or even a local coffee shop to frequent. These suggestions will help lower your academics stress which will make life easier for the college student.Social stress for college students is something else that is very common especially in new college students. Most social stress comes from trying to fit it or even trying to create a new social network because in most case’s this is the first time away from home and away from your entire support structure and comfort zone. With social stress one of the most important things to remember is to try and stay involved in different activities at school and get involved with different organizations on campus to meet new people.When getting involved with the organization’s on campus you’ll meet new friends and become more socially outgoing which will help greatly with social stress. Reducing the amount of social stress in college students, will lead to a more enjoyable and positive experience. Financial stress tends to be tohe root of most students problems whether it’s from overspending, lack of proper guidance, peer pressure, inexperience or many other factors. As a result just about everyone is bogged down with large debts increasing day by day.As students many have tried different things to cut down expense but still no luck. There are many ways to help lift the financial stress for college students like taking federal or private loans, grants and scholarships, and working during the summer vacation. By taking federal or private loans you get to choose the best one that is suitable for your need, if you dec ide to go for a private one then do enough research to make sure you’re not at a loss and end up paying more instead of benefitting from it.Grants and scholarships are another great ideas because these will help lift the burden of some financial stress. When applying for grants and scholarships keep in mind these are offered free by federal organizations for the benefit of students. Make sure to take advantage of the situation but you have to prove worthy for these aids. Getting summer jobs will also help lift some of that financial stress because you can do it in your off time and not stress with studying or school work but catch up and save some money!The best ways for college students to cope with the stress of being away from home, social stress, and financial stress. Academic stress seems to be one of the most common among students. Most college students find that the added freedom of being away from the structure at home and the more difficult classes to be extremely st ressful. Just remember try and create your own space for studying with a desk and a quiet place, if you have a noisy roommate find a nice place in the library or a nice local coffee shop to visit.Social stress also seems to be a major problem with college students. Trying to fit in and make new friends after leaving there comfort zone and support structure can be difficult. When starting at college try and get involved in activities to get you out and have a good time. Another great thing to do is get into some organizations to help meet new people and even become more outgoing to make the college experience more fun and less stress. Financial stress seems to be the biggest burden for college students trying to survive on your own and worrying about how you will pay for chool. Remember federal and private loans are a great way to lift stress off you but just do your research and find the one that will work best for your needs. Grants and scholarships are the best thing for most stud ents because they are offered for free from federal organizations but you must prove yourself for these aids Summer jobs are great for students who want to make a little extra cash on the side and lift the stress and worry of college off their mind. B y following some of these tips you are sure to reduce some stress in your everyday college life.