What are the Effects of Texting on Teenagers? Essay -- essays research

Which ar the effects of schoolbooking on teenagers? Slavery or freedom?We hear a lot these eld about texting - the ability to get/send a text pith from/to anyone, anywhere, via wireless networks and some kind of portable device, which might be a fancy pager, a digital cellphone or a palmtop computer. The technology is here, though it doesnt work everywhere yet. We could argue about how affordable or reliable texting is, but we cant deny it exists and will probably become to a greater extent widespread. But is this a good thing? In my opinion, there are certain ways in which texting affects many teenagers.Some teenagers believe that text message communication enables them to express their feelings freely and sincerely to someone. This is why they same to be plugged-in with it all day long. I think that it depends on distributively person when considering if cellphone messaging is a kind of slavery or freedom because I belief in free will, therefore for each one of us have t he choice of doing it or not. There are quantify when its good, to ask for homework, to reach you in an mall, on a bus, at the theatre, or to call your mom so that she can pick you up from someplace. The outstanding thing may be to know when to leave the cellphone or pager at home. Unfortunately, for some people, the fact that these things exist creates the expectation that theyll unceasingly use them. People need time away from work, time to be with their families, or with their cats, time to study, or just time to be alone. some tee...

KingJewels: Ethical Leadership Practice Essay

1. Discuss how the leadership style may produce contributed to unethical behavior. When the company was first founded by Andy Wong it was ran using a hands-on leadership style. He believed a good resource and direction were hypercritical leadership qualities. He always said you do non arrive at commitment to, or an understanding of, a companys vision and mission without actively pursuing and practicing it at every opportunity. However, when he began pass most of his time travelling to the US and Canada and taking care of dividing line development and marketing he put Clement tammy in charge of operations (KingJewels Ethical Leadership Practice, 2010) .Tams capital responsibility was worldwide gem sourcing. Tam, however, looking at their bonuses began accepting lower-quality gemstones and go on to sell them at the ruler bell. He was excessively using businesses have by his uncle, Peter Tam, and was receiving attractive rebates for ordering from them. Johnathan Ho, the h ead of production and trademark used a dictatorial leadership style. He often do decisions without consulting his colleagues. He totallyowed the lower-quality gemstones to be used in manufacturing the jewelry. By Wong leaving Tam almost overseeing the whole company and not keeping better checks on him this allowed Tam to engage in unethical behavior.2. Discuss how the proper separatism of duties could have prevented Tam from fraudulently sourcing the gems. Tam was Operations Director and in charge of Gem Sourcing. This would allow him to fraudulently source the gems because he had to fool off on them anyway. He should not have been allowed to hold some(prenominal) positions in the business, especially when one was over the other. Also his sister, Tam Wai macrocosm, was in charge of Finance.3. Discuss how the companys compensation plan contributed to the deceptive behavior. The companys annual bonuses are tied to the offshoot target. If the growth target is not met the emplo yees do not receive their bonuses. Tam imagination that by buying a lower-quality gemstone at a cheaper price and then selling it as a high-quality gemstone at the normal price that he could ensure that the company met their projected growth target, whence receiving their bonuses.4. Discuss how culture may have influenced the employees attitude towards exposing Tam. however if the employees were not involved, most of them would be afraid to express their opinions or to foreland unethical and potentially illegal business practices. Furthermore, such(prenominal) practices were common and went uncontroversial in China. Employees were handsomely rewarded for their job efforts and it was of no interest to them to fib such incidents that could jeopardize the job stability (KingJewels Ethical Leadership Practice, 2010) .5. How would you recommend Wai Man proceed? According to HKICPA a master copy accountant should not be associated with reports, returns, communications, or othe r information where they believe that the information a) contains a materially false or misleading statement, b) contains statements or information furnished recklessly, or c) omits or obscures information required to be included where such neglectfulness or obscurity would be misleading (Chan, 2004) . According to function 100.17 When initiating either a formal or informal conflict resolution process, a skipper accountant should consider the following, either individually or unneurotic with others, as part of the resolution process a) pertinent facts, b) ethical issues involved, c) extreme principles related to the matter in question, d) established internal procedures, and e) alternative courses of military action.Having considered all these issues, a professional accountant should determine the appropriate course of action that is consistent with the fundamental principles identified. The professional accountant should in any case weight the consequences of apiece pos sible course of action (Chan, 2004) . According to contribution 120.1 The principle of objectiveness imposes an obligation on all professional accountants not to compromise their professional or business conception because of bias, conflict of interest or the unwarrantable influence of others. Section 120.2 states that a professional accountant may be exposed to situations that may impair objectivity. It is impracticable to define and prescribe all such situations. Relationships that bias or unduly influence the professional judgment of the professional accountant should be avoided (Chan, 2004) .According to section 140.2 A professional accountant should maintain confidentiality even in a social environment. The professional accountant should be alert to the possibility of inadvertent disclosure, particularly in circumstances involving long association with a business associate or a close or immediate family member (Chan, 2004) . According to section 150.1 The principle of pr ofessional behavior imposes an obligation on professional accountants to travel along with relevant laws and regulations and avoid any action that may bring brush off to the profession. This includes actions which a reasonable and informed third party, having knowledge of all relevant information, would conclude negatively affects the good reputation of the profession (Chan, 2004) .According to section 310.1 A professional accountant in business should gage the sure and ethical objectives established by the employer and the rules and procedures drawn up in support of those objectives (Chan, 2004) . After reviewing the HKICPA Codes of Ethic for Professional Accountants Wai Man should prepare a report containing all the information that she has found and go to Wong with it. She should be prepared for her blood brother to be properly punished for what he did while understanding that she could also be punished for not saying anything when it first came to her attention.She should suggest that Wong not leave Tam in charge of operations since that places him as her supervisor. She should also suggest that Wong employee an internal control group that would help prevent something worry this from happening again. If Wong does not agree or is unwilling to do anything somewhat the issue at hand Wai Man, as a professional accountant, should relinquish from her position with the company.

Alex Cross Book Review Essay

How would you react if you represent bulge that a mass murderer you have been trying to stimulate and arrest for oer a few months was hiding in your cellar waiting for the perfect time to crawl out and kill you? In the book Cat & Mouse by James Patterson, these be the type of people Homicide Detective Alex Cross has to deal with on a unremarkable basis. Alex Cross, who lives in Washington D.C. and works for the FBI, is going throughout his daily life of solving small murder cases and living with his family. When Gary Soneji, one of the custody he got convicted to jail for kidnapping a few years back, is released, Soneji seeks out revenge of Alex.Soneji pulls off a brutal string of murders leaving shadower small clues for Alex to find and use to figure out Sonejis eventual(prenominal) plan. Soneji isnt the only one carrying out murders at the time, though. All over Europe, a man known as Mr. Smith has been abducting citizens of some(prenominal) countries and mutilating th e bodies. Now not only does Alex have to figure out what Soneji plans to do, that he also has an extremely brutal man on the unfastened in Europe he has to catch before his rampage goes on any longer. Remarkably, even through all of these murders and investigations Alex is able to pursue his sleep together interest and the outcome of the story is one you wont ever so expect. Will Alex catch the two murderers or will he culmination up as one of their victims? Youll have to read to find out.I recommend this book to anyone he enjoys a suspenseful, thrilling, and overall interesting book. It didnt take too long to read and it was really hard to arrange the book down once you get reading. There was, however, some hood dialogue in the book.

Acquisition Payment Cycle

Acquisition and Payment daily round According to Arens, Elder and Beasley (2006), is considered as the third major transaction motorbike. The ternion major proceeding in the achievement and payment turn implicate 1. Acquisition of goods and operate 2. Cash Disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts Components such as, learnedness of raw materials, equipment, supplies, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and research and development plays a major role in the learnedness and payment cycle.The major accounts that are associated with the acquisition and payment cycle are, accounts payable, inventory, and expenses. The methodology for designing tests for phase 1 3 of the process includes designation of client dangers affecting other accounts, setting tolerable misstatements, assessing inherent risk for accounts, and assessing control risks for accounts. Business functions included in the acquisition and payment cycle includes processing purchase o rders, receiving goods and services, recognizing the liability, and processing and recording cash disbursements.The incorporation of e-commerce affects the acquisition and payment cycle in many ways. Information about the products and services that Apollo situation offers is readily accessible on the internet. This could be a r later for Apollo Shoes, since the company competitors can mimic the companys products and services. For communication purposes, Apollo Shoes use the companys intranet to communicate information securely. This action balks a potential leak of information to the public and competitors. Below is a precise illustration of the analyze of the acquisition and payment cycle for Apollo Shoes.TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT accusing recognize INTERNAL CONTROL greenness foot race OF CONTROL COMMON meaty TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS 1. Recorded acquisitions are for goods and services received, consistent with the trump out interests of the client. 2. Purchase requ isition, purchase order, receiving report, and vendors handbill are addicted to the voucher. Acquisitions are approved at the proper level. Computer accepts entry of purchases except from authorized vendors in the vendor passkey saddle. Documents are cancelled to prevent their reuse.Vendors invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders, and purchase requisitions are home(a)ly verified. Examine documents in voucher package for existence. Examine recital of approval. Attempt to input minutes with valid and invalid vendors. Examine meter reading of cancellation. Examine indication of internal verification. Review the acquisitions journal, widely distributed ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual accounts. Examine underlying documents for reasonableness and authenticity. Examine vendor master file for unusual vendors.Trace inventory acquisitions to inventory master file. Examine obdurate assets acquired. TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE KEY INTERNA L CONTROL COMMON TEST OF CONTROL COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS 3. Existing acquisition proceedings are recorded. 4. Purchase orders are prenumbered and accounted for. Receiving reports are prenumbered and accounted for. Vouchers are prenumbered and accounted for. Account for a sequence of purchase orders. Account for a sequence of receiving reports. Account for a sequence of vouchers. Trace from a file of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. Trace from a file of vendors invoices to the acquisitions journal. 5. Recorded acquisition transactions are accurate. Calculations and amounts are internally verified. muckle totals are compared with computer summary reports. Acquisitions are approved for prices and discounts. Examine indication of internal verification. Examine file of batch totals for initials of data control salesclerk compare totals to summary reports. Examine indication of approval. contrast recorded transactions in the acquisitions jou rnal with the vendors invoice, receiving report, and other supporting documentation. Re-compute the clerical accuracy on the vendors invoice, including discounts and freight. TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE KEY INTERNAL CONTROL COMMON TEST OF CONTROL COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS 6. Acquisition transactions are mightily classified. 7. An adequate graph of accounts is used. Account classifications are internally verified. Examine procedures manual and chart of accounts.Examine indication of internal verification. Compare classification with chart of accounts by referring to vendors invoices. 8. Acquisition transactions are recorded on the correct dates. Procedures take recording transactions as soon as possible after the goods and services have been verified. Dates are internally verified. Examine procedures manual and proceed whether unrecorded vendors invoices exist. Examine indication of internal verification. Compare dates of receiving reports an d vendors invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. 9. Acquisition transactions are flop included in the accounts payable and inventory master files and are properly summarized. Accounts payable master file contents are internally verified. Accounts payable master file or trial balance totals are compared with frequent ledger balances. Examine indication of internal verification. Examine initials on general ledger accounts indicating comparison. Test clerical accuracy by footing the journals and canvas postings to general ledger and accounts payable and inventory master files. Results of the AuditOf the preliminary audit of Apollo Shoes acquisition and payment cycle a sample coat of 120 invoices were selected. There were missing invoices related to the sample size. The invoices were properly stick on to the general ledger sales and accounts receivable control accounts. Each invoice was posted to the appropriate account, no discrepancy was found. The invoices not list ed to the proper accounts show no deviations to other documents, re-calculations, or comparisons. The expected credit approval banknote, No credit approval, was not found in the related documents.When a annotation of the, Wrong quantity billed, was posted, a description of the explanation followed. In addition, the notation of, CM, meant the customer contacted Apollo Shoes stating an error and credit memo was issued on the pursuance date. This notation caused all credit memos to generate a debit to a sales return account followed by a credit to accounts receivable. In regards to the other documentation, there were no additional discrepancies to alert management regarding the acquisition and payment cycle. All findings of the 120 sample size were warranted.

Disaster Response and Relief

If world provided with a magnetic dip from the De go badment of Homeland Securities of potential risk factors I would first cypher at these key issues and ways that I could advance the citys chances of survival in a terrorist attack. I would look at the issues that were involved with these issues. My personal choice for frame of dealing with the issues would be through with(p) so by my deciding which issues were more crucial and which ones compulsory to be dealt with first.With the list that was provided the order for these issues to be dealt with would take place in a specific order in order to promote the stovepipe chances of security and safety for all of the citizens involved. The first thing that would be do is that the airways would be honestd and all incoming and outgoing air traffic would be stopped for some time. The next thing to do would be to secure waterways. This would include making sure that on that point were security efforts involved in protecting the cit ys water sources as well.This would include the lemniscus of all water traffic and the security of the different ports and waterways that are touch the city. Next transport would be secured and stopped in order to suffer for a more smooth evacuation of the city if necessary. This would mean that on that point indispensableness to be an exit strategy plan in the fortuity plan that is on location at the town hall and opposite area disaster planning sites like the American Red Cross. any areas that produced power would be secured by as numerous forces as could be spared as well as trained disaster volunteers.This would be done so in order to help reduce the chances of harmful chemicals or toxins being released into the air in these areas. All food sources would be secured and on that point would be limited access to these sources in order to reduce the likeliness of contamination. During the beginning phases of this plan there would be specialists that would be involved in s ecuring the computer systems and making sure that there was no one who was adapted to hack into important information. This would be handled at the same time as some of the opposite issues just by different specialists.There would be many different agencies that would be contacted. The first agencies to be contacted would be local fair play enforcement and area military. These would be first initiated in order to work on the security and safety of the city. The next agencies to be contacted would be those that are listed in the disaster plan including the local chapters of the American Red Cross, ESDA, and any other agency that has quick access to high volumes of volunteers. Schools and churches would be looked at as possible places for there to be shelters and food banks would be contacted as part of the process of having food and other goods.Other places that would be contacted are local securities industry stores and other discount stores that would have access to high quanti ty of essential supplies. This would be done in partial efforts on putting limits on what each person could buy or have in order to ensure that supplies lasted for the most people possible. There would be limits placed on deficiencyed goods to ensure that all citizens could have some of them. The potential list of areas of vulnerability would need to be dealt with on a level where they were notable in the citys Emergency Management Plan.Each of these issues would need to be discussed and there would need to be a plan for the emergency maculation and how these issues would be dealt with. Whether or not the Incident Command System would need to be changed would depend on what was currently in place and what was needed. fundamentally if they were capable of addressing and dealing with all of the issues then there would not need to be any changes. However if they were not capable of this then there would need to be changes in order to ensure that they were capable.

Pride And Prejudice Diary Entry

Dear Diary,Little did I know somewhat Mr.Bingley and Mr.Darcy. I perceive some good things about them but nonhing really relevant. that it was my time to pass out everything I needed to know about them at a small dinner party that some unrivalled organised. It doesnt number how the party will be, I want to know who is going to be there, and most importantly, what will happen. I spent the whole day obtain for my dress, and some accessories. I bought a diamond necklace and I was ready to dish the dirt about the new gentlemans in town. I enter the dinner without socialization to much, I didnt want to queer distracted, I was keeping my prize.I saying angiotensin converting enzyme of the two dancing, how did I know it was them? Every single one(a) of my friend was spying on those two guys. It must have been them. I get closer and closer and I just cant avoid to notice how one of the two looks so tyrannical and bored. His face had no sense, the little emotion he portrayed wa s negative. He was bored and wasnt flush dancing. However, the otherwise one had an endless grin on his face and he was undeniably having play like a real gentleman. I go there and find out that the ho-hum, arrogant looking one was Mr.Darcy. So obviously the other one was Mr.Bingley who was flirting with a girl. I couldnt be bothered to even look at the girl because I was so distracted from this surprisingly fascinating man.Mr.Bingley stops dancing for a while and speaks to Mr.Darcy but Im not near enough to listen to what they are saying. I see Mr.Darcy pointing at Lizzy and, Lizzy offended. Her eyes were full of tears. What did he say? Why did she cry?She is patient but not handsome enough to tempt me. These are the lyric Mr.Darcy said about Lizzy. No wonder she got offended.His character was decided, he is an arrogant and exuberant person. I stop concentrating on Mr Darcy because he is too boring for me, I need some interesting things. Some gossip.I ramble to my girlfrie nds and they immediately point at Mr.Bingley. Yes, I knew he was dancing with a girl, but I looked at his eyes and I was shocked. His eyes dismiss in love. No wonder he had a huge smile on his face, he fell in love with Lydia. Meanwhile I notice that Mr.Bennet announces that he had already met Mr.Bingley. He didnt tell the wife or the daughters. Why? Well I dont really care. He probably did it to diverge his family. He is a nice man but he is ever so playing jokes and tricks on everyone. Especially the wife. I cant believe these two individuals are married, they are like day and night, two complete different things. I see the two of them discussing about inviting Mr.Bingley to dinner. The night was over.What will Happen future(a)? Only I know And who am I? Thats a unfathomable Ill never tell, the only one.

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health

CU1532 PROMOTE comp atomic number 18 AND INCLUSION IN HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDRENS AND untested PEOPLES SETTINGS Understand the importance of potpourri, equation and inclusion explicate what is meant by diversity likenity inclusion innovation buns be defined in many different slipway. What does it mean to us? Diversity is a commitment to recognizing and appreciating the variety of characteristics that make several(prenominal)s unique in an gentle wind that heightens and celebrates individual and collective achievement.Examples of these characteristics argon age cognitive style elaboration disability (mental, subscribeing, physiological) economic background education ethnicity gender identity geographical background language(s) spoken marital/partnered spatial relation physical appearance political affiliation race religious beliefs sexual orientation. sufficientity is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals ar treated fairly and represently and no sligh t favourably, specific to their needs, including beas of race, gender, disability, worship or belief, sexual orientation and age.Inclusion at its simplest is the state of being include but it is a bit more complicated than that It is used by disability rights activists to promote the idea that all(prenominal) batch should be freely and openly accommodated without restrictions or limitations of any kind. Describe the probable effects of inconsistency Physical effects headaches, short(p) appetite, a change in have habits, sleeplessness, issue/ defecate of weight, deterioration of health, bruises, ulcers, need of individualal hygiene and drop of energy.Emotional effects low self-esteem, lack of confidence, feeling unwanted, insecurity, becoming withdrawn, depression/stress, anxiety, abrupt change in behaviour, lack of co-operation and learned helplessness. Social effects isolation, lack of friends, becoming withdrawn, unrecognized as an individual, feel like a terra inco gnita and inability to build relationships. the in recognizeectual effects restricted access to education, poor performance in examinations, lack of achievements, poor job prospects, lack of skills, self-fulfilling prophecy, loss of motivation, lack of interest in anything and absence from work.Explain how comprehensive manage promotes par and supports diversity Inclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and strategies taken to consider that volume are not excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming peoples differences, and promoting compare by ensuring equal opportunities for all. Inclusive practice is best practice. Health and social dish out workers depict inclusive practice by operative in ways that recognise, respect, appraise and make the most of all aspects of diversity.Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individuals diverse needs supports them in give outing a sense of belonging, well-being and confidence in their identity and abilities. And it helps them to achieve their capability and take their rightful ordain in society. In addition, inclusive practice involves having an understanding of the disastrous impact that inconsistency, inequality and social exclusion can have on an individuals physical and mental health.Having such(prenominal) an understanding ensures appropriate, ainised care and support, thereby enabling an individual to develop self-respect and maintain a valued role in society. Be causa people who fail to support diversity or promote equality are ordinarily entirely unaware of their attitudes and the impact of their behaviour, inclusive practice involves reflecting on and ambitious ones birth prejudices, behaviours and work practices.It also involves challenging those of colleagues and different service providers, with a view to adapting ways of thinking and working and to changing services to build on good practice and to get out support divers ity and promote equality. Be able to work in an inclusive way Explain how regulation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and inconsistency apply to own work role The UK has in place many pieces of legislation (laws), rules, regulations, guidance documents and statutory codes of practice, all of which are intended to promote diversity, ensure equality and end dissimilarity.In other words, they are in place to promote everyones right to fair and equal discourse, regardless of their differences. The gay Rights figure out 1998. This masking pieces many different types of discrimination, including some that are not cover by other discrimination laws. Rights under the Act can be used only against a public authority, for example, the police or a local council, and not a private company. However, court decisions on discrimination usually have to take into account what the Human Rights Act says. The Equal Pay Act 1970 (amended 1984).This says that women must be paid the uniform as men when they are doing the same (or broadly similar) work, work rated as alike under a job evaluation scheme, or work of equal value. The Sex secretion Act 1975 (amended 1986). This makes it unlawful to come apart against men or women in profession, education, housing or in providing goods and services, and also in advertisements for these things. Its also against the law, but only in work-related contents, to discriminate against someone because they are married or in a civil partnership.Race Relations Act 1976 (amended 2000). This states that everyone must be treated fairly regardless of their race, nationality, or ethnic or national origins. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. This states that a person with a disability must not be treated less fairly than someone who is able-bodied. Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003. This says it is unlawful to discriminate against people at work because of their organized religion or belief. The re gulations also cover training that is to do with work. Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006.This says it is unlawful for an employer or potential employer to discriminate against you at work because of your age. Show interaction with individuals that respects their beliefs, culture, value and preferences I encourage clients to be free-lance members of the community and to take as much charge for their own self-care as is possible, at bottom their Rights And Responsibilities. In my work, I adhere to the Legal Requirements of the Care Standards Act. I meet the requirements of the Registering Authorities within my role and aim to improve on these requirements.I have a commerce of care to my clients. I forget advise and support clients with any look they may require assistance with, within my role and capability. I ensure that no personal information regarding a client is disclosed to a third party without prior agreement of the client concerned. Communication with clients sh ould be at the level of their understanding and provide privacy and promote dignity and self-respect. Carers via communications with clients family, previous recording assessment and annotation will be aware of any associated difficulties. It may be necessity to remind e. g. onfused elderly clients from time to time and assist where necessary. The Home encourages care workers to take on the role of advocates to promote the awareness of clients rights and help them gain access to the services they need. The following set of values is supported for all clients The freedom of choice on personal matters and preferences. The opportunity to fulfill personal ambitions and develop knowledge and skills. The right to the fullest expression of citizenship. The right to lead an independent a life as possible. The right to privacy and personal seat without hindrance.To be treated with respect and dignity in a pity manner at all times. To be recognised as an individual with regard to persona l needs irrespective of circumstances. The right of freedom of case from one place to other without restriction. It is necessary that all records be accurate, decipherable and complete and current in all circumstances including the promotion of rights and responsibilities. Be able to promote diversity, equality and inclusion Demonstrate actions that model inclusive practice The Equality Act became law in October 2010. It replaces previous legislation such as the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995) and ensures consistency in what you need to do to make your employment a fair environment and to comply with the law. The Equality Act covers the same groups that were protected by existing equality legislation age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy and pregnancy but extends some protections to groups not previously covered, and also strengthens particular aspects of equality law.The Equality Act is a mixture of rights and responsibilities that have Stayed the same for example, beam discrimination still occurs when someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic Changed for example, employees will now be able to complain of harassment even if it is not directed at them, if they can demonstrate that it creates an offensive environment for them Been extended for example, associative discrimination (direct discrimination against someone because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic) will cover age, disability, gender reassignment and sex as well as race, religion and belief and sexual orientation. Been introduced for the first time for example, the concept of discrimination arising from disability, which occurs if a disabled person is treated unfavourably because of something arising in wake of their disability. Demonstrate how to support others to promote equality and rightsThe Home is committed to promoting equality of opportunity, tackling discrimination and welcoming and valuing the diversity of the communities we serve. This policy highlights compliance with anti-discriminatory legislation and restrictive requirements and our ongoing commitment to equality and diversity. It also acts as a fabric for promoting and adopting best practice and delivering continuous improvement across all our primeval business areas. We believe that excellent customer service means providing a service that is accessible and desirable to all, that the promotion of equality and diversity is necessity to our core business and that a diverse customer and staff storey requires us to value those differences.We will drive commitment to equality and diversity in service delivery by providing accessible and customer focused services, improved understanding of the customer journey, build capacity to refer customers to other services and increas e methods of communication to meet our customer needs. The Home will aim to ensure that no person receives less favourable treatment from the organisation including on the grounds of race, colour, gender, transgender, marital status, religion, disability, age HIV status or sexual orientation. We will monitor all applications for housing and employment by ethnic origin, disability, age and gender to ensure we meet our objectives.Describe how to take exception discrimination in a way that promotes change Always scrap discrimination. Do it in a calm and professional way and tell the individual that what they are saying is unacceptable. You can also say that you are upset and offended by discriminatory words and actions. Also, that it is unlawful. In a work setting, discrimination can be a disciplinary matter and procedures should always be in place, in the form of written documentation, shared out with the employee and employer. There should be support for you as an individual, if y ou are dealing with discrimination. gainsay discriminatory behaviour means not letting this behaviour pass away without taking some sort of action against it.There are many ways that people can be discriminated against. They include verbal or physical abuse, exclusion, labelling or stereotyping . It is important to challenge discriminatory behaviour because it can cause distress, ill health, isolation and stress to a service user. Discrimination usually arises from a lack of awareness and experience rather than deliberate intent. to each one organisation needs a policy that will reflect its own ways of working, its community and constituency, activities and size. By examining in detail how you operate, you will learn to recognise how and where discrimination is manifesting itself and be able to deal with each instance.

Reducing Intergroup Conflict

In life we demand tout ensemble been in the cliques or in- separates or in other(a) sort outs that were not so best-selling(predicate) than those that were in the bases that rule the school or the office. thither ar sorts in the work home plate as nigh(a)ly I know that it sounds very childish, and we wealthy person all deemed it middle and high school behavior at its finest. There is a belief that those that indulge in this f locomote behavior all didnt belong to sensation of these social bases and grew from an ugly duckling into that beautiful swam do on that point best to re-live those glory days that they did not buzz off a as teens.These groups teach y let onh prejudice and discrimination of others as well as intolerance these negative influences spread like wild fire. approximately of all these intergroups teach youth and others on the orthogonal to stereotype those that argon in the group and around those in the groups without those that are doing the stereo typing to know that person-to-person on a personal train. I contract personally been stereotypic because stack that I have hung around because of how they others in the group carried themselves outside of school.Even though they were my friends in school we didnt hang out that often after school yet I was called names and talked about until those that were sling the mud got to know on an individual level. I understand that people do these things so that they foot fit into the group also for companion pressure as well so that they can look dispassionate and hip to others in the group, and then theres a deeper level of ehy that they are starting or in these types of groups. The simple reason is that they good want to fit in and be wanted by roughlyone.Then there are your gangs just about of those that critical point for the acceptance of others heart and soul because their families members joined full because it looks cool. There are whatever that join for protection they dont believe in what the gang stands for the just want to be asunder so that they wont get picked on like others around them. These groups are growing bigger and bigger some of them are having great negative impact on our youth today. What we have to find out are more ways to reduce the negative affects on our children and their schools.The South-Western college Nelson-Quick burnish defines an intergroup conflict is between two groups or organizations. (Nelson-Quick glossary,2000) Knowing what intergroup conflict is we can look at youth in detention center some of these kids are already in gangs when they come into the center. In the center they all have one thing in common is that they all have some type of hostility, discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping towards others in the center.These juveniles have these things in common so that branch out from a bigger group into smaller groups some of these youth are already gang members so if they are in the same gangs they group in together. Since they are in the same place as those rival gangs conflicts start to arise between the groups, and there are those that are not apart of any gangs just civilians casualties. Some of them join in the gangs in order to keep from being hurt or just the fear of the gangs in such close quarters.There are some things that induce about these conflicts in the groups which are prejudice, stereotyping, and discriminations. Prejudice is the unfair belief or dislike for a person or group because of sex, religion, or race. Stereotyping is to believe that all people or things have a particular characteristic are the same. Discrimination is the practice of treating people of different group from other groups because of their differences.(Merriam-Webster 2013)When you have these behaviors all in the same place there at first is tention which if there is no one there to resile solution of how to stop the accent from going in to from blown hostility people can be hurt. These nega tive emotions and behavior only operate the tension and violence that is around the center. Lets look at the key conflicts that tot on the violence stereotyping for starters when they other gangs trip up their counterparts and what they have been taught and told about the other groups.For an example, when certain gangs sees rivals they the make assumption about how that person or group live, interact, or speak. With discrimination can be seen as the top conceit of why the conflicts arise around us the gang can see someone of the a different gang and treat them different from those of their gang. For example, If one of the member same gang is working in the lunch make and give a little more regimen to his brother than the fathead from the other gang he actually gives him less and spits in his food as insult to injury.This can start and conflict or give on that is already begun into something much more where others get hurt because of what happened in the lunch line. With prej udice when dealing with gangs they are taught that the gang is family that you have to have total trust and belief in the gang from the day you join until the death. Some of those that are in the gangs that are what we will call legacies they have been taught from childhood to not like those from a different hood. They are taught to not lie them because of where the stay, how they dress, look, and what colors they represent as a group.So in these close quarters there is a hire to reduce those intergroup conflict so it can spill out from the detention centers into the neighborhoods. On way the Hewstones denomination talks about is direct approaches such as interventions are utilise with motivational processes Monteith (1993) can up with prejudice and compunction this take low-prejudice individuals and bring them to awareness using is-ought. This process brings out the discrepancies of the individuals personal values and how they act towards others of different characteristics.Us ing this process is to activate the self-guilt that the individual has which the mechanism takes hold and reduces the crook of others. Indirect approaches Leippe & Eisenstadt (1994) they use a different way they indirectly reduced preconception by inducing the non prejudiced behavior in those that showed less bias in their attitudes which were in line with their behavior. Empathy also showed a very promising result with individuals with the cognitive and emotional aspects which showed desired results in generalized positive feelings towards person and groups.Decategorization can work because it takes two rough-cut and reciprocal cognitive processes differentiation there distinction made in member of the out group then its personalization which those in the out group are seen for their uniqueness which is related to self. This method takes one from the in group after they have been individuated and introduce them into a the out group which in doing this remove the favoritism bi as away from the group. Recategorization which takes those that are not in the popular group and bring one that is in the popular group in to the out group.This alters and tips the scale so that the bias that was there over time is chipped away as well as broken mess walls that were once there. To help these youth we need programs that going to break nap the bias that have been taught and learn for some of them from childhood for others a little maculation older. It is best that we take away from the glamour of being gangs teach them to drive in themselves as well as others and embrace differences in others around them.(Hewstones, Rubin,Wilis, 2002)We need programs such as teamwork program such as grow with the earthly concern grow in your life we have them to start a garden where everyone work together, Wrap session which talk about things that are bothering everyone this is where everything is tack out there on the table to cut some tension in the groups, Mentor program for younger kids that are heading down the same path to show them how they can help those that are glide slope up give them a chance for a better life. fatality rate this is a way that can have those gang members to see what happens when the glamourous side of gang life fades.

Dead Man’s Shoes †Essay Essay

The short storey utter Mans Shoes (1998) by David Evans is an astonishing view into the heart of a rural village in South Africa after the patch up of apartheid, and of the different attitudes flourishing in the community. The story depicts the life of a spicy widow, Anne Bezuidenhout, who lives al angiotensin converting enzyme on an enormous farm with only her down(p) workers to swear out her. She has many offers of marriage, all with something to offer her, exactly she ends up surprising ein truthone with her choice. However, at the heart of the story we see the diligence of apartheid and conservative values in the new South Africa.Perhaps one can see this persistence in the narrative section of the short story. As a initiatory person narrator, he is part of the story, as one of the septette suitors of Anne buy the farm and least me, a teacher, divorced by a wife who had base me, my profession and Pampoenfontein too dull for her. The story is slightly affected by the n arrators opinions. This is visible in several adverts such as Most important, she was rich. and But a good swart staff was one thing. A woman trying to manage it on her own was sooner another. The close quote is one of several quotes in the short story pointing towards the narrators both racist and slightly patriarchal mind. One could argue that the quote just pities Anne for being alone on the farm, however on rascal 3 Anne tells the suitors that she is in fact workd to hardship. If one reads between the lines, it is pass on that she is awargon of her situation but is not worried about it at all. The language in the story also has a role in the slightly racist values of the narrator.We see this in the choice of speech communication the author has made when describing, for instance, Anne and Samuel. In the description of Anne, the author uses many positivist words to do a detailed image of her, as seen on page 1 pleasant-faced with wide green eyes and a voice which carried s oft currents of her native Galway. She also had a flickering smile fair and at the same time tantalizing, hinting somehow at private delight and undeclared opinions. Naturally Anne would receive a detailed introduction as she is one of the briny characters in the story, yet Samuel is also a main character, but his introduction is much less personal and without many adjectives, as seen on page 3 Anne had taught him to read and write and to do round-eyed sums. This bit of education hadnt spoiled him as it did so many. He knew his place bossboy among the Black workers. On top of that the author has let the characters use several nicknames for Samuel such as swartgoed (page 5) and boy(page 4). The use of nicknames could, however, lead the subscriber on to having a look at the characters of the story. As a last contributor to the general feeling of continued apartheid in the story is the characterization. The characters are revealed through an outward description.In the beginning of the story, the introduction of Anne is given very quickly and detailed. But the authors way of describing the s make up suitors is nearly like a list where each of them equals a different disposition or genetic trait such as Harry Smith, the townships auctioneer, was the oldest, Japie van Os () was the richest, Hannes Snyman () was the biggest and so forth. The reader must thence make his or her own conclusions on the character through behaviour and talking, because of the authors use of implicit characterization. For instance the reader could localize on the character Maritz Grootbek and immediately conclude that he is indeed a racist. Why? Because he frequently comments on Samuel. One could argue that this is only because he admires Anne for having a good staff with a reliable Black foreman (page 3), but his rude behavior and ways of talking states otherwise. An utilisation could be when he arrives at Annes house and is shocked when Samuel doesnt fetch her immediately Wheres the Nkosikazi (frue), boy? Jamie demanded roughly. Go and fetch her. quicken.Since the other suitor doesnt argue with his rudeness it is clear that they deal his opinions. Last but not least, the shared racist values of the seven suitors become certain when Anne tricks them and decides to marry Samuel. Based on their reaction We stared, we glared, we blinked in disbelief, then stared again. (page 5), it is clear that none of them ever thought that they would be coif aside in favor of a black man and even after she has announced her will they still tried to dissuade Anne (page 5). nonetheless though it is generally known between the characters in the story that Samuel is a good man, he is still considered low because of his color, and the suitors are still laughable about him. Ultimately this shows that even though apartheid has legally ended, it is still a state of mind for many white South Africans, as affirm by the narrator himself Pampoenfontein may have accepted tha t all of us whatever our colour were equal citizens in the new South Africa, but we were all proud of our past and no white man there could be expected to tolerate any talk of a black being as good as a white.

Wrath of the Titans

Reaction Paper WRATH OF THE TITANS The image is the constituent 2 of the movie clash of the Titans which I watched with my mom at my Mitas house. They are two nice but I think I corresponding Clash better. My mom said all the important characters of Greek mythology were present in the first part. I like the first part because of the lady with glide head. She died there. In Part 2, it seems the gods do not have powers anymore because no one like mortals ask for help anymore. The head of the gods asked his countersign for help. His son is part mortal and part god. only if he chose to live as a fisherman in his old village.I think the father was losing his godlike powers to help another god to gain strength to escape prison. That is why the son had to go through an adventure again tho like what he did in Part 1. I like the fights of the son here. But these are not as big as the one in Part 1 where he fought the snake-head lady and the big ocean monster. My mom said this is bor ing. I think there were only a few people in their place for the gods to be worried. When I waitress at the son, I dont even think he wants to be connected with the gods since he already knew that a god did big(p) things to his mother that is why he was born.He was only forced to help the gods because it volition also affect their community. Their town will be destroyed if he will not help his father who is losing his power and the prisoner who is acquiring all the lost power of the god. My mom said the people in Part 2 were not authentically part of the Greek mythology, they were just added so they can do a second movie since Part 1 was a hit. One thing I can really say I felt about Wrath is that it was less shivery and shocking than Part 1 because of the snake-head lady. JOHN KENNETH KIM I. ARCAN Grade 3-Serenity

Moral Standards in the 1960s-1970s Essay

The English sociable activistic Constance bloody shame Whitehouse was often re straightawayned for her antagonist to sociable liberalism and mainstream media, which she often claimed to be author cause of a to a greater extent bailable lodge in Britain. Although, the extent to which we tidy sum deem this survey valid is debatable. on that point is inference leaning on both sides of the argument but of stratum it is unimpeachable that Britain did see a sudden grow of bailableness and overt clean slump to which Whitehouse responded briskly, founding and conformting up the national Viewers and Listeners Association via which she campaigned against the BBC n the 60s. The question is was she justified in liberation to these lengths to essentially try and censor media? Surely, if she injected much(prenominal) a vast amount of driveway into doing so, then she must accept virtually sort of validity in her view? Or perhaps, in that respect were other pointors which she did non take into account.The notion of Television macrocosm the main medium of influence of this consequence is irrefutable, with 95% of British households owning unityness by the end of the 1960s. Although the fact that the government set up the Committee of Inquiry on Broadcasting could in itself suggest that media had fond(p) censorship ( olibanum disallowing any real plain broadcasts which could lead to a chaste decline), they did itsy-bitsy to stop, and actually welcomed the hard-hitting social realist plays much(prenominal) as up the junction (1965) and tally Home Cathy (1966), as they were a electric switch for the supposedly vulgar Ameri gage name programmes on ITV such as believe Your Pick (1958-66) and the Westerns/Crime Dramas which they feared would erode British culture and make people much violent. Though, these plays did could be argued to have worsened the mail as, for example, Up the Junction depicted quite a a graphic and powerful kin abortion scene, and it is suggested that this may have been one of the causes of the 1967 Abortion defend to be passed which of course consequently lead to relaxation in attitudes towards fire as in that location was nowadays an passage, or a life-line a cleaning lady could use if any accidental dressing occurred, gum olibanum increasing levels of promiscuousness.Further more(prenominal), in a taste of honey (also sort of this social realism movement that swept through theatres in the 60s), as surface as abortion again being key factor in it, there is also an occurrence of a one night stand, not an indifferent one night stand however, an assorted one night stand. Although this was a really extreme case of moral rebellion, critically it could have lead to the British human beings to perceiving promiscuity as well as interracial kins (seen as immoral, abnormal at this time) to be more acceptable, a norm. In other words, the British universe would in theory be bellowing if she can do it, why cant I? .The Press also have a part to play in this they contributed largely to a rude(a) permissive air in the media when they initiated their launch of intensity supplements, sexualised adverts and scandalous news stories and significantly the root female nipple was published by media tycoon Rupert Murdoch who believed this would help the circulation of his paper, The Sun. This conveys the extent to which media was now overtly promoting permissiveness, and could suggest that this directly influenced a more permissive society as the public were fully exposed to these new developments which projecting them into a new, more re moot and bold mind set.Conversely, there is evidence to suggest that Media was not only liable for the decline in moral standards, as quoted by Whitehouse. Touching back onto the accede of press, although it did absolutely encourage many air permissiveness, the Obscene Publications Acts of 1959 and 1964 to an extent involvement that view . These acts were designed to strengthen law more or less public obscenity, in particular the anatomy of obscene articles and materials used in them. This could thus suggest that there were in fact some restrictions on media, and that they couldnt by chance fully hold the blame for rousing of permissiveness and decline in moral standards in this period.Additionally, although the powerful scene in Up the Junction could be doomed for the passing of the Abortion Act in 1967,it is commonly known that it only eased the passage of it, and it was primarily David Steels campaign that led the way to this debatably etymon change. Prior to the Abortion Act, there were thinly 106,000 illegal abortions a year, and many were unbelieving ab verboten the idea that the number of abortions would step-up when the act was passed as they believed although people had the freedom, it wouldnt necessarily mean they would exercise it. They were wrong, aft(prenominal) a year in 1968 the number of abortions per annum rose by 35,000 to 141,000 a year. This strongly suggests that the Abortion Act itself influenced a more permissive and unmoral society as it offered more freedom to the public in regards to sex and promiscuity.Prior to the passing of the shatter Act of 1969, divorce was only permitted when there was equal evidence exhibiting that one party of the relationship had committed adultery, and statistics show that there were fewer than two divorces per 1000 married couples. The Divorce Reform Act allowed couples to divorce if they had lived obscure for two geezerhood and both treasured it or if they had lived apart for five years and one partner wanted it. followers the reform there was a ample increase in the number of divorces, by the mid-1970s nearly one in either two marriages ended in divorce. Although it could be argued that this was due to the growing independence of women, its hard to deny that the act had a large aftermath on this. This thus indicate s to us that media was not entirely liable for the lack or decline of moral standards as legislation such as this, did essentially promote more promiscuity as it gave married couples the freedom to split up and do as they please.In analysing the range of factors, we can conclude that Mary Whitehouses view that the media was responsible for the morale decline of the 60s and 70s was somewhat valid, as there are a spectrum of sources and pieces of evidence that in and of itself link together and in turn paint a picture where the British society are heavily influenced by media. This was perhaps due to fact that the public at this time, and still to this day, are heavily consumed by the media and are enthralled in its controversy, and although it may not have so much of a toilsome effect on us today it is frank people of that period were more dangerous to it as just coming out of a period of Austerity and slight deprivation, more likely than not they were seeking for something new something fresh, something that kept up with the social norms of other major influences such as America- and perhaps unfortunately, these new trends often entailed social rebellion and permissiveness. And although legislation had a part to play in it, this only ensured de jure change, not always de facto, where as media more multiplication out of 10 had de facto and more profound effect on the British society of the 1960s/70s.

Tactical Leadership vs Organizational Leadership

tactical leading vs physical compositional Leadership Walter Trotter United States force Sergeant Major Academy physique 63 SGM Stephens/MS Walker alarming 19, 2012 Tactical Leadership VS Organizational Leadership There are certain things that you requisite to know as a draw, I volition explain some of the differences facts and opinions intimately tactical attracters verse memorial tablet draws. Leadership is non just a word or act that is apply only in the military, e rattling brass piece in the world has some emblem of lead structure from the sm tout ensemble condescension to the biggest cooperation lead plays an important roles.I will reproof of some of the similarities between the tactical and organisational leadership as it relates to the Army. When we remember of leadership in the Army we automatic think of the process of influencing soldiers to accomplish a delegation by providing luffions, purpose and motivation, provided when dealings with tact ical or organisational leadership a leader has to think snugly a different role and reach into account the time frame and how they are difference to influence their soldiers.Even thought thither are several different types leadership the main goal is always going to be the same, and that is to get the mission oblige and try to improve upon the unit and its capabilities. We all know how the Army defines leadership but in that location are other things we absorb to take into account, like a braggart(a) decision can cause soldiers their lives. I do believe that tactical and formational leadership are the same in some ways but depending on the role can be different. Tactical Leadership First, lets talk about the tactical side.As we know there are three aspects in this process, the leadership role, the time frame and the leaders influence. unmatchable of the first things is that in magnitude to be affective you brook to be in front of your soldiers, you moldiness have your s ubordinates trust, you mustiness(prenominal) have a level of tactical and technical knowledge that is unmatched by anyone around you and have a deceitfulness to help and entertain your soldiers or they will not follow you. On the tactical side a leader has to lead, support develop and take responsible for his soldiers in order to accomplish his/her mission.As an effective leader one has to be particularly close to their subordinates in order to provide them with the necessary purpose, direction and motivation to complete their delegate task. The tactical level is usually engraft at the company or platoon level, this leader is always looking to accomplish the shortsighted enclosure goals in support of the massive bourne mission. Tactical leaders must know how to solve problems quickly and without hesitation, they have more direct influence everyplace soldiers because they are in the trenches with them.At this stage the leader has to council, correct and led their soldiers through the direct approach of leadership. Organization leadership This leadership fashion is where the leader actually has to innovation and synchronize training in order that the small units are able to crap the tactical into the operational action. At the organization level a leader is not in a traditional leadership position when they are directly in charge of soldiers. Leaders in this style are the one whom establish section that develop plans and create orders.When a way out is achieved at this level the entire police squad is responsibility for the outcome. Organizational leaders make decision that affect the long term goal and helps plan the short term mission for their subordinate units. The tactical and organization leadership styles have some very different level of leadership but the one thing that will never change between the two especially in the Army is the fact that you must have a good primp of standard to follow, have good set and skill sets to save lives. Reference FM 6-22. (2006). U. S. Army Training and Doctrine master

What Role Does Language and Language Diversity Play in the Critical Thinking Process?

spoken communication is one of the greatest tools for hatful. Through phrases we ar able to communicate with other people through our sadness, joy, anger and confusion. When there be two people, it is inevitable that our lines volition torment and how it resolves depends on communication. Language helps us orchestrate what we wish to discriminate the other psyche. When we acceptt write out the speech easily enough, we experience difficulty in dread each other. Further to a greater extent, it is widely held that pick outing more speech widens our deduce of our experiences.Part of the causal agent is because when you learn new languages, you learn the refining that comes with it. For example, we stubnot fully learn the Korean language without know in the culture. In the development process, we must learn the culture inside the language itself. We also destiny to be aw atomic number 18 that some course do not translate to other language. In that case, we have to think exactly on how we could quarter in the best manner to communicate. As we do that, we acquire more skill in communicating to another, such(prenominal) as considering what the other person capacity be experiencing.Language and language variety play a big trigger off in organizing, summarizing, and around importantly responding to the satisfying process of critical view. In critical thinking, communication is the outcome and language seemingly is a big part of communication. conference requires intelligence. As I introduced, language is designed so that we can communicate for understanding what and how we feel. Using visual language such as gestures, signs, and pictures also helps with the process of understanding. Interestingly, rowing have ambiguous meanings based on the polar contexts.It is precise important to be able to recognize the context in which the word is used in coiffe that there impart be elucidate critical thinking. I believe that language empo wers or limits the expression of our thoughts, however I also know that we have emotions that are very difficult to describe. With a escape of vocabulary, we can have a very difficult time in expressing our align thoughts and feelings. Language is made so that we can communicate our emotions within ourselves, and if it is difficult to fork out that precise message, it has the power to enhance or limit the expression of our thoughts.For instance, if I was to come up to with a person who speaks a distinguishable language, it will be difficult to get the a clear message because of the language barrier. The only thing that could help in the place is the personal association of the language. If we know the multiple meanings of oral communication and the background of the person you are speaking to, we probably could dress terms carefully and position our words correctly. Critical thinking could be the most important role in process of belief.First, we have to examine and evalu ate the situation from several different points of view in order to establish our opinion. This is very like to the step of selection in critical thinking. Then, we penury to collect the source that supports the opinion. This will help greatly when summarizing the conclusion. In the succeeding(a) step, critical thinking will be used again as we pick out to realize the importance of understanding the issues. 1 of the most important aspects that we need to be aware of in persuasion is to understand what the other person is thinking for the propose of interrupt persuasion.Lastly, we need to summarize the game plan, in other words, how you will sit according to the opinion and logical epitome with relevant sources. As I describe this step by step, I am convinced that critical thinking holds a crucial role in persuasion. It is of the essence(p) to be aware of the power of language. It allows us to communicate and understand to advance in our society. Knowledge will also be pas sed on through language, and when you combine that knowledge with critical thinking, it will widen your understanding to be able to communicate with different people.When language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts, we need to think critically to seek for the words that might be able to tell the other person what you really feel. Lastly, persuasion can be interfered by the emotions. We need to maintain within critical thinking to be able to analyze logically. If we do not use the language properly, it will cause misunderstanding, hurt, and damages through communications. However, if we know how to use it right and have the better knowledge and understanding, it will help to do work this world to a better place.

Kiwi Series

apteryx series 1 My choice of p courseess for this essay is titled Kiwi Series 1. This photograph is made by Dennis Wojtkiewicz in 2005. The size of this scene is 36 by 66 inches. The medium use in this video is the oil on canvas. I chose this painting because it appeals to my sense of aesthetics and in any case it has the most interesting use of texture. This painting is an excellent example of our sight organism able to activate other senses. The initiation of the translucent harvest-festival and fuzzy pare is so convincing that we have a visual and a tactile answer and for few, a sensation of taste.The painter has use actual texture in this painting. In this essay, I will talk some the subject matter and then the content. I will similarly be analyzing distributively element and principle of design in the paintings composition in an attempt to tactile property at it such(prenominal) more deeply and understand it better. Kiwi Series 1 is a painting of akiwi fruit , which is cut into half. It is placed on a table or some voteless surface. The painter has drawn every smallish detail of the fruitin the painting. The seeds, the native minor lines in the fruit, and the difference in textures are done with broad exuberance and passion.This painting makes me calm and relaxed because of the chromas utilise in this painting and also its boilersuit display. The Elements There are different kinds of lines employ in this painting. The mechanic has utilize some curvy lines approximately the edge and the concentrate of the fruit. Straight lines are also used in this painting. Some lines are blockheaded and some are thin, separating the seeds and the showing the opaqueness of some parts. The painting itself is a rectangle hurl. The fake of the fruit is objective. There are more other smaller human bodys in the painting. The avatar of the seeds is oval.The center of the fruit gives kind of semi-circle look. The row of the seeds looks kin dred a thin petal ofa flower. The fruit itself is looking like a semi-circle. There is a peachy amount of differentiate. This paintinghas a photography value in which theartist has used crystalize part against the drearypart. Chiaroscuro is also translucent due to the illusion of light and shadow as the light reference work is coming from the top. Casting shadow on the table. There are areas of strong contrast such as the light semblance of fruit against the dark background. Sfumato is also evident in this painting.The dark colors of the seeds also create contrast against the light color of the fruit. Also there is contrast of the seeds against the dazzlingarea near it. The color is a local color as it replicates the appearance of the real world. The colors are natural. The fruit is green and light green in color. The seeds are black. A slight brownish color is also used near the edge of the fruit. The texture is simulated. If someone would tactility this painting, they wo uld feel slight bumps of the paint. For the most part, the artist has simulated the texture of the fruit.The background of the painting appears to be smooth. There is not much space in the painting. The figure is rightly at the forefront of the painting so the painting has shallow space. The background is darkand we could not see any amour except the fruit. Principles The sleep in this painting is symmetrical. The right stead is very similar to the left side. If I were to draw a line in the middle of this painting, the visual weight on both sides of the painting would be the same. The painting is populated almost the same on both sides.The dominant part in this painting is the half-cut kiwi fruit. It occupies almost 85% of the space of the painting. Kiwi fruit is the biggest thing in the painting and it is the most master(prenominal) aspect of the subject matter. The same shape of the seeds in the painting creates harmony. Also the beady row that contains seeds is also of the s ame shape so they are the unifying performer in this painting. This work is not stinting at all. There is a great amount of details and attention disposed to the figure. In my opinion it is highly vivid and the artist has drawn it with great interest.

Stylistic Analysis : “a Cup of Tea” by K.Mansfield

Written by ASUMAN BIRDAL STYLISTIC abstract A transfuse OF TEA by K. Mansfield The common view that a literary schoolbook edition is comparablely to be dig better if it is studied in analog with stylistic analysis which emphasizes the crucial portion of the linguistic features of the text contributes much to the phylogenesis of literary criticism. M. A. K.H in alliday is one of the text linguists who sees grammar as a network of systems of relationships which account for all the semantically relevant choices in phrase, which is the standpoint of the stylistic analysis as well. In the light of M. A. K. Hallidays discipline, I pull up stakes try to analyse a human of literary text written by Katherina Mansfield in the format of a nearsighted story titled A CUP OF TEA and try to criticise the text objectively in relation to its grammatical (functional) features .Before this , Id deal to give a brief tuition about the content of the story. A. INFORMATION almost THE ST ORY Scanning the story first, we execute across with a rich meet named rosemary and Philip leading an untroubled, desirable lifespan and they seem to lie with each other since- we dumbfound no implication whether they love each other for bullion or not and everything goes well in their lives. rosemary spends money without getting into trouble and big(a) no reason or confession to her husband in doing this.Everyone in a society admires rosemary not perhaps for her beauty but for her remarkable features such as being interested in current movements from every aspects, seeming as an intelligent young woman, reading the new(a) books. Philip is not as bright as rosemary but he makes himself pick out as soon as he figures the story towards the end. Apart from the couple, there is a missy who meets Rosemary in a street by asking for money to bring forth a cup of afternoon tea then is picked up by her to have a cup of tea at her home and begins to be directed by her.We inf er this from the fact that whenever Rosemary wants her to enter the scene she is there but when, at the last scene, Rosemary is jealous of her, the girl is easily disappearad without giving no brand for us to follow the reason of her disappearance. And we have one more character having a part in the story the shopman. He is similarly under the effect of Rosemary we can understand this from his polite behaviours which ar made obvious in the text with circumstantial features. But he is the somebody also who utilizes by the impuissance of her.He tries to draw her attraction on the enamel encase and succeeds it he promises her to keep the box for her because he knows her and he knows that she will arrange to buy it she has the power of money and gets whatever she desires without acconting for anything to anybody. Not only we encounter with her weakness in her dialogue with the shopman but also in her being jealous of set down Smith when he utters lovely manner of speaking for t his girl and behaves as it is predicted by Philip who knows enjoin her and makes her behave as he desires taking advantage of her faulty character successfully.In that sense Philip is an intelligent man and in force(p) on Rosemary who is also plainly the symbol of possessive female by being jealous of the girl she has met in the street so she has no potency ,she is a little bit credulous. She asks directly-having no hidden meaning in her words- Am I PRETTY? , which ironically reveals her ex-behaviours to Philip scour she supposes that Philip is not aware of the truth. B. ANALYSISWhen we notion at the story from the point of transitiveness functions included in the stylistic analysis which tell us about the language and its reflection on processes ,participants ,circumstantial functions we realize that of import participant is Rosemary and most of the processes are acted by her. When we count all the sentences describing her or the ones in which she takes place we realize her dominancy at once. The other participants Id care to analyse on this text -apart from Rosemary- are the girl,Miss Smith, and Philip.Even though Philip hasnt got as many turns as Rosemary and Miss Smith, Id like to examine the processes of him in order to endanger the currents of events as a whole- he is the high-octane figure in the sequences of events in the story- in other words it is vital to exert it here to maintain the entirety of the text. To do this I will follow M. A. K. Hallidays process in which Ideational, social, Textual Functions of language are daelt with in order to support all my commentations on Katherine Mansfields work.

Comparison between smokers and non-smokers Essay

Smokers and non- flockrs collapse many differences, and very few similarities. I am one of those pack who put one over been subject to addiction and got into the usage of bullet even though I do realize that us smokers atomic number 18 looked down upon by many sight. many another(prenominal) restaurants and public places have become non-smoking, which prevents smokers from discharge certain places. Most people who smoke realize the harmful affects, solely addiction is too strong to overcome that most(prenominal) of the time. For me I dont theorize its as much the addiction, only if how cig bettes help me relax and relieve stress. ace of the main reasons non-smokers look down on smokers is because most of them realize the harmful affects, but continue to smoke because they ar addicted. lot who smoke tend to spend a lot of money on cigarettes that they could be spending on something that is more necessity than cigarettes. People who smoke generally have a yellowish tin t on their fingernails and teething from the tar in the cigarettes. gravely breath is also a mutual trait to people who smoke, which could be helped by breath mints or gum, but most people who smoke dont carry those items around with them. Many people who smoke would like to quite smoking to prevent certain future health problems, but cant because they are addicted.Non-smokers, however, do not understand us smokers because they have never experienced addiction for themselves. Non-smokers do not have to ball up their money on cigarettes because they do not smoke. Non-smokers do not have to bother about stained fingernails or teeth either, which helps them have a somewhat spic appearance. They could, however, have bad breath depending on what kind of food they eat and how oft they brush their teeth. In general non-smokers are healthier because they do not have that tar clogging up their lungs.

Adventure on an Island

antic and Alice, for your exemplary performance in your closing examinations, we are going for a midget family holiday. said crowd Brown, father of fanny and Alice Brown. Where? Where? asked the children excitedly. Were going to a train that offers unlimited peace and quiet. That place is Bermuda. And duration youre there James rung at length about appropriate etiquette and how it would affect them. Although it was quite boring, it would hurt benefitted them if they had stipendiary attention instead of playing rock-paper-scissors.On the ship en route to Bermuda, the children lived the likes of there was no tomorrow. They piled food on their plates with a rush of everything they liked. Sure enough, they couldnt finish it. So they quietly poured the remnants of their rough food overboard. As they did this, a snipping of their fathers speech came back to them. When there is a bay window of food, betroth solitary(prenominal) a little. If it isnt enough, go back and take some more. This is more break off than taking a lot and then throwing it away undecomposed because you crumbt finish it. Its non like we are going to do this for the rest of our lives, reasoned the children. Its but the first time. Dad doesnt tolerate to know. Sadly, this wasnt the only misconduct the children committed. They likewise took things offered by polite stewards and stewardesses without saying convey you. Laden with food and drink, the children were too vacant to properly dispose of the flexible wrappers from their snacks. Instead, the cardinal irresponsible children blow a fuseed those wrappers. usurpt ever burn things, especially p extremeic. formative is extremely toxic.Whatever you do, dont burn it. Were actually parsimony space and helping people, thought the children. Dont they burn plastic in incinerators? If we dont burn them, these plastic is going to end up in landfills, which take up a lot of space. Yes, were doing a dear thing. And shor t aft(prenominal) doing this, the ii children fell asleep. The two children soon woke up to unnameable hop up on the island. Hey why is the sun so hot all of a sharp? , wondered the children. Being clever children, they had the answer in no time. Its global thaw said Alice. The ozone is thinning because people burn plastic and.. she stopped in mid-sentence. Oh dear, we just did it on the ship said John. Oh, never mind John. Whats done is done. Why dont we explore the island? On their way, they saw a small lake beat of dead fish. Curious, the two children decided to investigate. The puddle was saturated with rubbish It wasnt only rubbish but with bits of rotten food. whole step at the rubbish Wasnt that the fried chicken we couldnt finish? And arent those the bits of salad? What have we done? Shortly after that, they saw some gulls.Instead of egg white and grey, the gulls were black and some kind of liquidity dripped from them. As the children came closer for a better look, they saw that the patch of sea that the gulls have previously risen from had a slurred layer of oil above it. It was the last straw for the two. Enough We cant take anymore cried the children. From now on, well ascertain our fathers advice and never be wasteful And that was when they woke up. Still thinking the terrible discovery was true, the children ran to their parents, confessed and apologized to them. What nonsense said James Brown. We are still on the ship, not an island You two must be having a bad dream. Something to do with your overeating, I shouldnt wonder. But it was a very good thing you two summoned up the braveness to own up. Remember your dream so that you will never go wrong. And so the Brown siblings learnt their lesson and changed their mindset towards the environment in one case and for all. Mother Nature is not infinite, the children learnt. Although she may be all-powerful, she still needs help. let us take good caveat of the environment.

Meaning of Life and Australian Cultural Identity Essay

From separate catastrophes, two rural families bunk to the city and find themselves sharing a great, breathing, shuddering joint c on the wholeed Cloudstreet, where they begin their lives once once again from scratch. For twenty years they roister and rankle, trick and curse until the roof over their heads becomes a home for their hearts. (Winton, 1991) Tim Wintons critic bothy acclaimed story, Cloudstreet is a masterful tale of love, meaning and aliveness-threatening tragedy that speaks strongly of a slur war Australian society that was fundamentally rebuilding itself subsequently years of governmental upheaval and financial struggle.Good first light/Afternoon Ladies and Gentleman. I am a representative of the National English broadcast board and today I am here to demonstrate to you how Cloudstreet is authentic and believable, and as Marieke Hardy suggests It is Australian. Reading it felt similar approach shot home. d nonpareilout Cloudstreet, there ar numerous c oncepts that portray the Australian heathenish identicalness and the theme of pietism and unearthlyity is especially prominent and appealing.The concept of luck, aborigine warmnessuality, and the search for the meaning of life, atomic number 18 all Australian ideas that Winton expertly portrays. Spirituality dope be specify as a concern for that which is unseen or intangible asset as opposed to physical or mundane. (Greenberg, 2008) It encourages a sense of peace and exercise within an individual and get alongs a ol accompanimentory property of be greating. Additionally, religion can be defined as the belief in, and worship of a superhuman controlling power. (Religion) Both concepts ar widely integrated into the core of the young and are depicted by the Australian notion of luck. Luck, which some would argue has long been etched into the Australian consciousness as a common working shape superstition, is, whether they are conscious of it or not, a form of religio n for both families. The Pickles family, near notably Sam, rely on the untrusty shadow of God (p 12) to warn them nearly future events, while the Lambs simple game of spinning the glossa (p 53) acts as their metaphorical life compass.The prospered Country (Horne, 1964) is a phrase that originated from a book of the same name create verbally in the 1960s, and since then, has gained widespread popularity and thus, been attached to the Australian culture for a long time. Winton has sprucely examined this historical mainstayground to incorporate an close facet of the Australian identity into the novel and its subjects. Also related to the concept of luck, is the fact that after look for drowns, Oriel, once a devoted and god fearing Christian, begins to question her religion and the reliability of believing in God.When slant is resuscitated, but only some of him comes lynchpin, (p 32) both she and Lester are emotionally force to abandon God and Christianity and instead, t urn to luck, ambitious work and the idea that life and death, was all there was, (p 65) in order to outwear their circumstances. This draws on the common Aussie battler tradition, of which a working class person overcame thought-provoking situations through perseverance, faith and steadfast determination.In terms of the Australian cultural identity, Winton has again taken an beta and recognized historical Australian idea and shaped it to hint feelings of familiarity and intimacy between the lectors and the characters of Cloudstreet. The frequent behavior of the Blackfella is yet another example of how the Australian cultural identity is portrayed through examination of primary Spirituality. However, in umteen scenes throughout the novel, the blackfella signifies both Christian and patriarchal spirituality through allusion and comparability.For example, he is likened to the Nazarene by walking on pissing and again when he produces a never differenceing supply of wine an d scratching in agiles car. This comparison is oddly effective as it symbolises the coming together of Christianity and Aboriginality, which was a particularly gossamer Australian issue during the time spot of the novel, due to Aboriginal marginalisation and the progress of Christian ideals.Essentially, the Blackfella acts as a proctor of the original religion inherent to Australia and its development, during a time when social and political mixed bag was overtaking that of its native beliefs. The Blackfella alike acts as the conscience of the characters when they have lost their focus or their family unit is threatened. This can finally be seen when he leads Quick back to Cloudstreet after he runs away to the estate, discriminating that Quick feels secretly lost without his family, and of necessity them to feel fully alive.He withal persuades Sam not the sell the home base and states that you shouldnt break a institutionalise. Places are strong and important, (p 406 ) referring to not only the offer and its tragic Aboriginal history, but also to the fragile families who live inside it. In doing so, he ensures that the families stay whole and together, which is an important and dominating religious value for Aboriginality and Christianity, both during the time period of the novel and in our modern Australian society.Consequently, the Blackfellas role in Cloudstreet is a significant theatrical role to the novels relevancy to the Australian cultural identity. The Australian cultural identity is also illustrated in Cloudstreet through the spiritual symbolism and personification of the river, and its familiarity to the characters search for the meaning of life. This is particularly significant for Quick Lamb, who, is spiritually cogitate to the river in a number of ways. The river acts as a place of peace, purpose and be for Quick.Connecting with his mother when they go prawning, glowing after angleing in the country, and approximately import antly, move in love with Rose Pickles, are the most significant spiritually delineate events that Quick experiences while on the river. Through realising just how symbolically important the river is to him, Quick finally understands the true meaning of his life, and gains a feeling of belonging that allows him to finally vomit up his self-degrading title of the lost lamb. (p 310) Australia is a country that values the water.Geographically, we are surrounded by it, with most of our population residing close to the shores. As a result of this, the water is seen as a common gathering place, from which one cannot easily escape nor regard as irrelevant to the Australian way of life. Winton has taken this idea and incorporated it into Cloudstreet, to emphasise and promote a relevant part of Australian culture. Finally, the rivers spiritual and religious society to seek Lamb is perhaps the most important concept of the novel.After Fish drowns and has his soul ripped into two separate pieces (spiritual fish and physical fish), the river that he so urgently longs for, essentially becomes his gateway to the spiritual earthly concern to the place where he belongs. It is not until the end of the novel when Fish is finally ingenuous to reunite with the water that he is rattling whole again. I burst into the moon, sunniness and stars of who I really am. Being Fish Lamb. Perfectly. Always. Everyplace. Me.(p 424) For many, water in Australia is culturally considered to be the blood of the country a place of cleansing and rejuvenation. Likewise, for Fish, the river embodies the epitome of the spirit of Australia in the form of life giving water. Although his life was initially taken by the water, it is in the end returned to him when his physical self re-joins his spiritual self. In conclusion, Winton flawlessly encapsulates the cultural identity and spirit of Australia in Cloudstreet through symbolic representations of luck, Aboriginal spirituality and the search f or the meaning of life.The characters connection with religion and spirituality resonates strongly with the reader and successfully evokes feelings of belonging and familiarity that confirms Cloudstreet is indeed a classic Australian novel. Bibliography Associates, R. Q. (2008, September 16). political theory in Cloudstreet . Retrieved 2013, from www. englishcurriculum. com. au Cloudstreet Notes. (n. d. ). Retrieved 2013, from Sydney Home Tutoring http//www. sydneyhometutoring. com. au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Details-Cloudstreet-notes. pdf. Dot Point Notes Cloudstreet. (n. d. ).Retrieved 2013, from Sydney Home Tutoring http//www. sydneyhometutoring. com. au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Dot-Point-Notes-Cloudstreet. pdf. Greenberg, N. (2008, October 8). Retrieved 2013, from Can Spirituality Be define http//notes. utk. edu/bio/unistudy. nsf/935c0d855156f9e08525738a006f2417/bdc83cd10e58d14a852573b00072525d Horne, D. (1964). The Lucky Country. Penguin Books Australia. Religion. (n. d . ). Retrieved 2013, from Google Definitions https//www. google. com. au/search? q=religion+definition Winton, T. (1991). Cloudstreet. McPhee Gribble.

Development Administration

INTRODUCTIONThis unsandeds root searchs to identify and discuss the predicament of let come forthgrowth face as it relates to humankind disposal in the acres Caribbean. It exit seek to elucidate thought and provoke hide intensify on the topic by scratch rip of correspondly taking a pilgrimage back to the period of compound receive and the diachronic antecedents that w all toldoped system during that period.It give take a cursory glance at the independence period and the eat of growth taken by virtually of the res frequenta Caribbean, utilizing mainly the Trinidad and Tobago experience (because of the exigencies of meter and space). The exercise exit attempt to case briefly at the origin of teaching arrangement and examine the thinking and literature of any(prenominal)what of the jumper cable theorists on subject. Additionally, it will focus on some of the motives for the presumable misery of study p interestntship in addressing some of the constitute problems and challenges of memorial tablet in the demesne Caribbean.Further, it will look at some of the unsanded draw neargons to humankind electric pig and finally it will attempt to lavatory some solutions and recommendations on the way forward. iBACKGROUNDIn feeling at the predicament of schooling formation in the tribe Caribbean, this paper will examine the topic under two (2) broad themes. These ar 1. The theoretical pretermit of exploitation garbage disposal and 2. The inability of culture bureaucracies to run into maturation goals, departmenticular(a)ly the contri nonwithstandingion under re ensure i. . the community Caribbean. Jamal khan writing in 1982 probably encapsulates it beat unwrap. He said the Caribbean constituent with a phiz all its witness and located at the gateway the American continents, is a class of thirty-lead (33) English, Dutch, French and Spanish speak countries, all islands except the quadruplet (4) mainl and countries Guyana and Suriname in the South America, Cayenne and Belize in key America.The region is divided into three (3) main geographic groups the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles consisting of the largest islands manufacture betwixt Puerto Rico and the South American mainland and the Bahamas off the Florida coast is a suck of islands, low-down cays and rocks of which a great umpteen atomic number 18 barren and uninhabited. In flavor at the region in its historical context, khan n unrivaleds that the region born out of the conquest, settlement and colonisation had sustained legion(predicate) racial migrations, protracted imperial beard subjugations and commodious human tragedies.Historical forces discombobulate created a sort of ethnicities, cultures, religions, traditions and loyalties. While p contrivances of the region pose relocationd d atomic number 53 the serve well of de-colonisation separate segments stable retain ii colony posture. The Ea stern Caribbean in finicky is liner non only the unremarkably problems of post-independence subject training and tran simulateion from compound situation to independence but to a fault the special problems created by geographic, policy- reservation and sparing atomisation.The paper attempts to look at this region and its remarkable recital and examines some of the approaches that confound been employed to treat with the thrust towards suppuration. It reviews the turn and pronouncements of the some of the leading thinkers and authors in aras of unrestricted governing and teaching nerve and the persuasiveness or lose in that locationof of these systems of governance. information Administration emerged in the 1960s with the knit of comparative cosmos brass instrument. It is a general possibleness of outgrowth and was esigned as a possible agent of change. The depot correspond those aspects of mankind politics that were infallible to b overlook mar ket politics, programs and projects to im prove affectionate and scotchal conditions. somewhat countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean want to deal the section mannequin as a point of flood from the inexorable, hierarchical and bureaucratic forms of unexclusive judgeship that existed subsequently Independence. It was viewed as a surmount fit for the efficient running and military operation of the macrocosm serve up. iiiBut, as will be substantial ulterior in the paper, it was the history and culture of the habitual brass instrument environs that made the adaptation to the lay of development establishment onerous, and contributed to the doers that accounted for the predicaments it faced. The analysis weaken of the paper will look at what attempts gull been taken and the approaches to development system in the Commonwealth Caribbean and the figures that accounted for the predicament and the eventual failure of the tinct in the region.In this context, i t will remark briefly the experience of successive validations in the case of Trinidad and Tobago and their approaches to development formation in the country. iv CASE A cursory glance at some of the definitions proffered by some of the leading thinkers and writers in the knit stitch of habitual nerve whitethorn prove instructive and useful in placing the youngs on the predicament of development organisation in its proper perspective as repeated reference will be made to the run for of these during the course of the paper.Fred Riggs (1970) describe development presidential term as the methods utilise by large scale musical arrangements, particularly giving medication, to devour policies and plans intentional to concern development accusings. In his Frontiers of exploitation Administration, Riggs place two (2) argonas of focus in his approach to the subject a. The development of giving medication and b. The administration of development trust (1987) and Jean Cla ude Zamor (1973422) examined development administration both from a conceptual and an ope reasonable point of view.They wrote that development administration in this context is the bureaucratic surgical operation that facilitates or stimulates the trans put to death of socio-stinting progress d 1 the utilisation of the talents and expertise of bureaucrats. It involves the mobilisation of bureaucratic skills for speeding up the development do work. Hope (1987) in addition added that development administration or the mankind administration of economical development applies to the activities of presidential terms to make development or 1 modernisation.The administration of development in developing countries is naturalized primarily through politicians and the gracious suffice operating inwardly a ministerial system or government agency and is characterised by its purpose, its loyalties and its poses. In his definition of development administration, Gant (1979) said that the term development administration came into use in the 1950s to re give up those aspects of reality administration which are indispensabilityed to carry out the policies, projects and programs to improve economic conditions.In 1887, in his famous essay The Study of Administration, Woodrow Wilson sound outs that public administration is the detailed and systematic action of the public law. Wilson looked at public administration in one proper(postnominal) perspective and that is the ability of the bureaucratism to implement the policies of the legislator without policy-making interference. Waldo proffered two (2) definitions. He see public administration as the organisation and forethought of men and materials to achieve the purposes of the state and public administration as the art and science of administration as use to the affairs of the state.Schaffer, in defining the concept, state that development administration is near programs, policies and projects in which ther e are unmistakably wide and hot demands and in which there are peculiarly low capacities and grave obstacles in meeting them. Schaffers condition of a particular set of conditions and the particular task of development 2 wonderful development administration from administrations other forms, particularly generic administration.Edwin Jones delineate administration as the model that places self-colored accent on change and opines that is primarily businessed with action oriented administration and places such(prenominal)(prenominal) administration at the concentrate of the improvements of development objectives. For Jones, development administration constitutes a progression of guiding public organisations towards the achievement of such objectives. It is a concept, he says, that places a weapons-grade violence on carrying out planned changes in the essence system.He to a fault outlined that a central concern of development administration aims at upward(a) the capability of the public administration field to manage change processes and innovation. The model, Jones add, places steep encourage on the injection of relevant crude ideas, procedures and body anatomical structures and as such development administration as an activity moldinessiness eternally challenge control centred management and centralise conclusiveness making. F. A. Nigro and L. G.Nigro in their book unexampled Public Administration identified public administration as a co-op group swither in a public setting and covers all three (3) branches executive, legislative and judicial and identifies the inter relationships as having a critical and significant role in formulating public policy and as such is part of the political process. For his part, Nicholas Henry, some other writer on the subject offered his view of public administration by noning that it is a broad ranging and amorphous combination of possible action and perpetrate, with its purpose to promote a premium understanding of government and its 3 elationship with the social club. It governs as well as facilitates the creation of public policies more(prenominal) responsive to the fond demand and to institute managerial practices attuned to effectiveness, efficiency and the deeper requisites of the citizenry. Turner and Hulme said that bureaucratism is some other way of saying public administration. They said whether one looks at the OECD countries, cause and present communist countries of the nations of the third world, bureaucratisation is ubiquitous. They noteworthy that in many cases, the public attend is blamed for poor developmental effect.They concluded that despite this, bureaucracy is an crucial and vitally most-valuable instrument of development. Their perspective on the particular problems of the compound legacy of administration which was largely take by the Commonwealth Caribbean was probably summed up best in their observation that the colonial state is best c haracterised as an administration unit, a bureaucratic state and that bureaucracy has often been the strongest institutional inheritance of the post-colonial state.They storied however that in the ideal Weberian model, bureaucracy is an efficient instrument of policy carrying into action, but in many developing countries the practice of implementation had been disappointing. This they attributed to poor administrative talent. Looking at the colony legacy, move had his take when he noted that the upper side Colony systems which existed in the Caribbean before the fourth part decennium of this century, governors exercised executive business leaders with advice from councils of committees consisting ideally of officials and nominated embers (only in Barbados which retained elements of the one-time(a) 4 representative system, did select members of the legislative to sit in the executive committees). There were no well organised political parties and although parturiency orga nisations had existed for a bod of years, trade unions had not yet endure the important drag groups. mill around showed that the colonial overloads were primarily come to with the maintenance of law and order and with impose collections. He noted that the colonial secretaries/governors were esponsible for the boilersuit administration functions and were accountable only to the imperial governments or monarchies and were primarily concerned with their early flights than with the business of administration for development. mill about(predicate) continues, pursuance the social and political disturbances throughout the British Caribbean during the latter part of the 1930s and the musical theme of the Moyne Commission, far reaching social, economical and extreme restores were enterd.He said the Commission recommended the institution of a semi ministerial form of government which would bring take members into direct linkup with the work of departments, the aging colonial secretariat to be divided into sections or departments with accountability for areas such as health and education. mill around said the public now looked to the elected members as persons responsible for providing and maintaining proceedss. But these members had no real power and allowance as executive power proceed to reside in the governor and senior complaisantian servants.Mills showed that the sub dividing of the colonial secretariat did not effect any real de-centralisation of ending making. He said the structures remained un-wielding and cumbersome centralised agencies. 5 Mills observed that after a while, West Indian governments began to adopt a different posture as they began expressing increasing concern of the need to change their societies and to undertake social economic programmes for providing booking and raising the living standards of their peoples.He noted that during the 1940s, the emphasis shifted with a run awayency towards greater tense on economic development and the readiness of facilities such as income tax and usage duty concession for creating a modality conducive to private opening development. He showed that all these activities consequenceed in a extensive growth of the public sector, a dramatic rise in public expenditure, the involution of existing departments and creation of novel public agencies, including public corporations and regulatory commissions.Mills noted that since the incoming of ministerial systems, administrative and organisational evolution has continued with the process of what he termed integration of departments with ministries. He informed that both the larger and smallest countries pick up their own peculiar difficulties with respect to this. Mills identified three (3) broad inter related strands that capture influenced the development of public administration and the trading operations of administrative systems in the region. 1. Westminster / Whitehall Heritage. 2.Political and const itutional changes during the past three (3) to four (4) decades with the transition from Crown Colony status through the internal self-government phase towards independence, coupled with the introduction of universal enceinte suffrage and the subsequent development of strong political parties and trade unions. 6 3. The new concern with programmes for social and economic development. Mills points out that these changes thrust stimulated or accentuated date in a number of important areas and the public serve wells are currently faced with challenges and demands which emphasises the need for repossess and re-organisation.He identified the three (3) areas of conflict as 1. relations between ministries and officials, noting that this atmosphere of conflict has seriously hampered the effective functioning of governments 2. Relations between administrators and technical personnel. He notes that this rational dichotomy engenders resentment, friction and foiling leading to a lowering of staff team spirit and 3. The relations between Central organization and Statutory Corporations.These are some of the key factors that have accounted for the predicament of Development Administration in the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean and will be further discussed in the analysis. 7 depth psychology afterwards the attainment of Independence by near countries during the 1960s and the early 1970s, the new administrations comprised inexperienced government officials and ill allow bureaucracies. With Independence came responsibilities of charting ones own course of development through elected executive authority which now were the aboriginal conclusiveness making bodies in most instances.All these responsibilities were previously the purview of the colonial administrators. These new governments were expected to give life and kernel to the demands of the new free societies. Such expectations were sup set upal to manifest themselves in policies, plans and programs designed to meet the needs of the people of the newly self-governing territories and raise their standards of living. With the attainment of Independence and a say in electing their own governments, the peoples of the Commonwealth Caribbean began to legitimately look forward to luxuriously up levels of social and economic transformation.In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, for example, such lofty ideals were expressed through the battalions Charter developed in the 1950s by the Williams administration and wherefore through a series of volt (5) year development plans conceived thereafter. One besides recalls the process of nationalisation of some(prenominal) industries by the Burnham regime in Guyana during the 1970s and mid-eighties and Manleys own experimentation with a form of democratic socialism in Jamaica. These whitethorn be viewed as the political directorates approach to effecting the process of development through attempts at economic repair. In most of the count ries, development administration was seen to be viewed as the ideal model to achieve the expected outcomes and satisfy the demands of the newly independent nations. However, they were still steeped in the old systems and establishments of public administration which they genic, systems that were not designed to be responsive to such demands for economic and social transformation now creation demanded by the newly independent countries.The study predicaments that came along with the inherited systems were a proud degree of centralisations, a lack of high level manpower and planning, the uncompounded surface of the countries themselves, economic growth or the lack of it within the societies themselves and the inability of government officials to successfully conduct the administration of development. Hope noted that the lack of trained administrators in the less(prenominal) developed countries was a direct matter of three (3) factors 1.Chronic brain drain 2. curt government en listing policies and 3. A lack of proper manpower planning and assessment. The run low factor Hope notes produced haphazard recruitment policies, under employment and unemployment and inevitably frustration on the part of the dew skilled administrators present that forced them to emigrate. The top-down bureaucratic public administration model is one major(ip) predicament for development administration process to be successfully implemented. 9 While public dministration requires a high degree of centralisation on the one hand, the concept of development administration boosts modernisation and transformation where desirable or demand to achieve development goals and discourages adherence to the old norms that constitute a more rigid bureaucratic system. The purposes of development administration are to encourage and enable defined programmes of economic and social progress. The model lends itself to the ideals of change modernization and movement as contrasted with a want to mainta in the status quo.Additionally, development administration is designed to absorb the process of change desirable, attractive and possible through the practical application of policies and programs that evolve from creative, participative and democratic forms of decision making. It is also a process where at all levels, those involved feel a sniff out of belonging and ownership of the plans, policies and programs of the organisation and therefore are more super prompt to work towards their achievement.The altitudes of those involved in a process of development administration tend to be more positive than negative. In emphasising this point, Gant further expresses the view that the manifestations of development administration, its unique purposes, loyalties and attitudes are found in new and reoriented agencies and in new management systems and processes. He adds that these agencies include planning Boards to facilitate decisions about development policies and the allocation of resources towards the accomplishment of those policies. These new 10 inds of agencies are often needed for development and stronger public and private enterprise management systems as called for. Gant further tell that development administration encompasses the innovations which streng then(prenominal) the capacity of the bureaucracy to stimulate and facilitate development and for these purposes the process requires its own bideing institutions, generally in the forms of training, research and consulting agencies, but also in the form of an articulate and public expectation of good administrative demeanour and performance.One of the major predicaments that continue to affect the growth of development administration in the Commonwealth Caribbean is the bureaucratic structure of the polite service and the prodigal centralisation of authority and control reflected in the exercise of power by government ministers. The government ministers in most Commonwealth Caribbean countries assume total control of their respective ministries and departments in monetary value of decision making and pay lil oral fissureutian attention or mere lip service and provide very pocketable opportunity for lower level public servants to participate in the process.This centralisation of decision strikes at the very heart of the purposes and ideas of development administration alluded to earlier in the discourse. This excessive centralisation also contributes to the destruction of the convey of communication in the organisation. It also creates an environment in which there is a lack of coordination of policies among departments, as well as a lack of effective dissemination of information required for effective decision making. A perfect example is the coordination of works between the Water and Sewerage Authority and the Ministry of whole shebang on road improvement initiatives and melodic phrase installations.There is absolutely no coordination between 11 the parties and th is leads to road beingness paved directly, and then pipelines being laid on the uniform road at a later date. This leads to wastage of time and resources and ineffective decisions resulting in an inconvenienced public. Hope notes that the centralised nature of the civil service in most of the lesser developed countries has become an institution in which private survival in terms of higher rank of service sometimes depends on political affiliation, a situation that does not aline to the regulations governing the non-political nature of the civil service.Hope further analyses this phenomenon when he notes that there exists a great deal of friction and unwashed suspicion between government ministers and superintender officials. Both the ministers and the career officials have select an attitude towards the implementation of policy that has alienate the public and hampered the effective functioning of government. passage civil servants are in a position of great insecurity p ayable to the erroneous powers of government ministers.Most of the career civil servants, if not all of them are usually better educated than the ministers (who are institute primarily on their politics), and find it difficult to a telephonee by the decisions of the ministers, whom they regard as inadequately educated and not workmanlike enough to make decisions pertaining to the administration of development. The ministers on the other hand, conscious of their newly acquired powers situated to dispel any suggestion of inferiority, are anxious to assert their authority and to make it clear beyond doubt who are the masters ( join Nations 198249-40).Inevitably then, for reasons of survival within the civil service, career civil servants have espouse a sycophantic and financial attitude toward their ministers offering technical and administrative advice to these ministers and not in a firm and objective manner but by attempting to foreshadow 12 what the minister want. The ultimate result of all these manifestations is a lack of coordination of policies among departments and a lack of dissemination of information for effective decision making.Invariably then, the few individuals at the decision making pyramid, namely the ministers are gruelling pressed to cope with the range of decisions they have to make. The effect then is either cunctation and long delays or one of After Independence, the bureaucratic, colonial oriented inadequate of incompetent policies. administration was transformed into a bureaucratic organisation that emphasised the sovereignty of politics rather than the supremacy of administration.Politics became the most important activity and the politicians came to occupy a position of supremacy in matters of decision making. (Duke 1964233 United Nations 198249-50). Development Administration, therefore, put into a highly centralised environment will not work. This factor have accounted also for part of the models predicament in Commonwealth C aribbean countries, in that, after the attainment of Independence, the model was introduced holistically without consideration for other factors within the public environment which directly impact the development process.Development Administration as noted previously encourages and acknowledges decision making from shopping mall and lower level subordinates, and by its nature, ascendency high levels of innovativeness and flexibility. However, public administration, after Independence, did not allow for such changes to be effected as it met with a most unresponsive public service. 13 Another factor which impacts the success of development administration is institutional building.However, it must be noted that the sheer small size economy of some of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean means that they do not possess the resources to afford an adequate centre of specialists necessary for the effective and efficient operations of government organisations. Khan, in his work, po inted to some major problems that whitethorn occur due to small size. He says, small size could then pose a problem for management system that is unwilling to keep up on(predicate) or is tardy in holding pace with changing social conditions. Problems may accrue, inhibitory and unresponsive.Problems may also pilfer should the system continue to dispense opt and patronage and disregard achievement factors. Problems may also persist if decision making is timid, incident prone, marginal and incidental to the point that the system proves unable to impact on the client, population and target group and to turn or alter the existing structure to the degree that it considered necessary to accelerate social change in a reliable direction. The latter part of Khans statement points to a factor that can impede the development administration process.Decisions made should reflect policies developed and as a result policies must be relevant to deal with the demands of a confederacy. Develo pment administration requires altering the existing structure to the degree that is considered necessary to accelerate social change in a reliable direction and therefore decisions must be made to facilitate such change. It can be deduced that it is probably for this reason that administrations in the region are now feeling outside the realm of the public service to seek alternative vehicles for the realisation of 14 evelopment goals and objectives. Case in point may cite the example of the move by the Trinidad and Tobago government over the last decade or so creating several special purpose State Enterprises such as the Urban Development Corporation (UDECOTT, the interior(a) Infrastructure Development ships company, the Education Facilities Company and more recent the establishment of exporting TT in a bid to accelerate the rate of development to realise some of the ideals purported to exist in model of development administration.It could also account for the reason why the T rinidad and Tobago administration has also sought technical assistance through government to government arrangements, for example, that sought through a partnership with the Cuban, Filipino and Nigerian governments for doctors and nurses to provide effective and efficient health care services. Governments that seek to utilise such vehicles of development also hope that the ideal of greater accountability and transparency and a step-down in the levels of corruption that have provoke other forms of development approaches in the Commonwealth Caribbean.Another of the predicaments that have beleaguer the process to move towards development administration has been the sometimes half-hearted book from some of the political directorates in the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Administrative change inevitably involves a challenge to accepted modes of action and traditional value and prerogatives (Chikulo, 19815657). Projects of administrative, reform if they are other than routin e and minor must be backed fully by the chief executive of the nation and his or her Cabinet.If political leaders are to shake a population and to direct the bureaucracy to higher levels of performance and development, their words and action must carry 15 an ring of legitimacy. Historically, political leaders of the region have been primarily concerned with maintaining their own being as politicians and this has resulted in much mental confusion between the administrative and political functions in the decision making process and in the creation of political elites who alone cannot follow up the achieve developmental goals.Functional reform of development administration can only be brought about through a derived effort and critical support of the political leadership. The foregoing have been some of the major problems and predicaments that have plagued the model of development administration and its implementation in the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. 16 Recommendat ions and Conclusions Although it was deemed at the time to be the ideal model for administrative reform, one can deduce from the study that this model of development encountered some major obstacles and problems which are still with us today.It was thought that development administration would be the panacea that will solve all problems of public administration as inherited from a colonial system of governance, these being the top-down bureaucratic structure and a deep centralisation of authority and decision making. And as we have garnered from the study, these problems are still very much with the Commonwealth Caribbean today and very much a part of the system of public administration.Even though several reform methods have been tried and tested, including new public management, administrative reform and programmes associated with geomorphological adjustments policies, there seems to remain some encumbrance with achieving radical change and much of those problems stems from the colonial legacy which still persists in the cultures of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Hope (1987) had offered some of his recommendations for development administration to achieve some level of success.These were listed as 1. Major administrative reforms minus the Hesperian concepts. 2. An urgent eradication of the remaining features and characteristics of the colonial civil service through processes and re-education and reorientation to bring civil servants in line with the current development thrust. 17 3. men planning and training. 4. Decentralisation and communication. 5. Support of the political leadership. 6. Economic development.Judith Walker writing in her book Development Administration in the twenty-first Century notes that As Caribbean nations of the Commonwealth move into the 21st century, they do so in a context of economic restructuring, incorporation into the internalisation of criminality and well challenges to the nationhood project launched in th e early 1960s. accustomed this context, it is imperative that the role and function of administration be re-examined and discussed.In her work, Walker, looking critically at the UNC governments goal in the 1990s to create a total quality nation notes that It was portrayed that a new type of public administration would set an example for civil society by becoming a attribute of patriotism and national pride. In myopic a total quality public administration is expected to lead a total quality nation. It was further envisioned that the public service and civil society will demonstrate a work ethic and organisational behaviour based on competence, performance, productivity, quality and high standards of service to the public and consumers.Bissessar in her book painted a somewhat bleak picture for reform of the public service in Trinidad and Tobago. In the Forgotten Factor she states that if an evaluation of the entire reform effort was to be carried out, it would violate that no one system of unexampled Public 18 Management has been successfully implemented in the public service of Trinidad and Tobago. She argues however that for any reform to achieve success, one vital ingredient that must be included in the reform package is the attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of those who are required to introduce and implement such reforms, namely the public service themselves.Any meaningful change to the process of development administration must by necessity find ship canal of deepen the consultative process to make it more inclusive for those whose job it will be to eventually carry out such policies. That process must include ways to decentralise the process of decision making and public servants and other technocrats must be made to feel a sense of ownership of the plans, policies and programs of administration that they are called upon to discharge on behalf of their respective societies.The political support must also be extrovert from the political directora tes and there should be structures in place that will treat with de politicising programmes of development so that they do not become the exclusive domain of any one political grouping. Tighter mechanisms of control and accountability need to be implemented to curb the aptness to corruption that so often beset programs of development. Perhaps Walker sums it up best when she noted that Development Administration is not dead.It may have had an un-expectant past, and it certainly has had a handicapped 19 present, but is maturity date and future is to be found in a dynamic process of theory building around recurring themes spanning from Fred Riggs to the adult male Bank. 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Khan, Jamal. The Eastern Caribbean Experience. Leiden, Netherlands Dept. of Caribbean Studies, olympian Institute of Linguistics an Anthropology The Hague Smits, 1982 (P. 3, 4, 5) 2. Kempe, Hope. The Dynamics of Development and Development Administration. London Greenwood Press, 1987 (p. 7, 68, 69 ) 3. Wilson, Woodrow. The Study of Administration 4. Nigro, F. A and Nigro, L. A. Modern Public Administration 5. Nicholas, Henry. Public Administration and Public Affairs. ground forces Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004 6. Gant, George, F. Development Administration, Concepts, Goals Methods University of Wisconsin Press, 1979 7. Bissessar, Ann Marie. The Forgotten Factor. Trinidad naturalize of Continuing Studies, 2002 (p. 5, 6) 8. Walker, Judith. Development Administration into the 21st Century. USA Mc Millan Press, 2000 (p. 211 and 212).