Marketing Plan Hybrid Car Essay

HONDA MOTORS hereby launches the all new family Honda EC CRV, the new eco friendly car that makes others â€Å"go green† with envy for Oxygen is priceless. Save the earth, plant a tree because their is no Planet B†¦ all you got to do is drive a Honda EC CRV. Introduction For the purpose of this assignment, I will choose hybrid automobiles that run on gasoline as well as alternative fuel i. e. Electricity. The rising fuel prices and increasing air pollution along with depleting resources of fossil fuels is forcing more and more automobile companies to manufacture hybrid vehicles. Moreover, people are increasingly buying these environment friendly and cost effective hybrid vehicles in many countries around the world. According to (Hybridcar. com, p. 1), Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy. â€Å"The engine provides most of the vehicle’s power, and the electric motor provides additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing; this allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used†. The current hybrids on the market do not have to be â€Å"plugged in† to an electrical outlet to recharge. The Hybrid Car Market The market for the hybrid car is slowly growing that primarily led by the U. S. and Japanese Markets. In the past five years, sales for the hybrid in the U. S. increase from 9,500 in 2000 to 100,000 in 2004. By the end of 2005, the number of hybrid cars in the U. S. increased to 212,000, accounting for 1. 3 percent of the total U. S. light-vehicle market. J. D. Power estimate the hybrid car market will account for 3. 5% of the U. S. market by the year 2010, whereas, other researchers such as ABI Research & Automotive Technology Research Group give a more optimistic projection for the market. These researchers estimated the hybrid market penetration between 5-6% of the overall U. S. light-vehicle market. According to a forecast by J. D. Power-LMC Automotive Forecasting Services, by the year 2012 hybrids that accounted for 0. 5 percent of the U. S. market in 2005 are expected to gain 3. 5 percent of the U. S. market. The JD Power reports say that the price premium associated with alternative power train vehicles continues to be a barring factor that will restrict the potential for both hybrid vehicles. The report notes that manufacturers will have to reduce this premium to attract buyers who are not currently motivated to purchase these vehicles as a means to improve the environment, or as a means to save money by consuming less fuel. Existing Product Research The Prius, Insight, and Civic were the first set of hybrids. These vehicles utilized the core strategy of a smaller engine which provides â€Å"on demand† power from the electric motor and batteries. A smaller engine is one of key attributes of hybrids to gaining better fuel economy. The newer hybrids—the Accord, Lexus SUV, and Highlander—maintain the size of the gas engine, and add power by way of the electric components which does little to boost fuel efficiency. According to (Larson, 2005), while the hybrid’s claim to fame is reduced fuel consumption, there are various factors that will reduce the performance levels of these vehicles. Such factors include acceleration, idle time, air conditioning, temperature, and driving speed. Competitive Scenario It has been noted that Honda and Toyota are the pioneers in the hybrid car market now. According to JD Power, However, â€Å"they are becoming more commonplace due to licensing of their technologies by other Japanese and American companies, and the new trend towards hybrid SUVs. † The Toyota Prius, considered a midsize sedan, is the number-one selling hybrid vehicle. Toyota has sold more Priuses than all other hybrids combined—and for good reason. Since the second model of the Prius was introduced in 2003 (as a 2004 model), this midsize sedan has received numerous awards. Today, it continues to be a top seller. The success and tremendous rise in Toyota hybrid sales can be partly attributed to the company’s marketing campaigns. Most hybrids recognized increasing gains each year, with the exceptions of the Accord Hybrid and the Lexus RX400h. Sales of both models have decreased during the past year, proof perhaps that today’s hybrid buyers demand a noticeable improvement in fuel economy when buying a hybrid model (Hybridcar. com). Typical profile of hybrid car buyers â€Å"Hybrid car drivers have a level of education higher than any group of car drivers that I’ve ever seen,† says Walter McManus, director of the Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation at the University of Michigan. McManus further describes these drivers: They have higher income, than the average car buyer at approximately $100,000 a year versus $85,000 a year for the average buyer. They are more likely to be female. Hybrid drivers are a few years older than the average car buyer—closer to fifty rather than the average age of forty. California strongly outpaces all other states for new hybrid vehicle registrations. Beyond these demographics, McManus describes the profile of hybrid car drivers in terms of their behavior and attitudes: They drive on average fewer miles than the average car buyer Hybrid car drivers plan to keep their car longer than the average person They are willing to pay more for an environmentally friendly product. They personally want to do something to help reduce vehicle pollution. They expect fuel prices to grow a lot faster than other people do. McManus adds, â€Å"It doesn’t mean that they’re right. It does not mean that the other people are right. But they’re much more pessimistic about the future of fuel prices than the average person. † Price According to research, Hybrid cars and SUV’s prices range from an estimated $19,000 to nearly $55,000 for the basic models. The lowest price range for this type of car is the manual transmission 2006 Insight at an MSRP of $19,330, whereas the Lexus hybrid sport sedan, the GS 450h is the highest at $54,900. The following table summarizes average prices of the hybrid cars: Hybrid City mpg Hwy mpg MSRP(in USD) Honda Insight -Manual 60 66 $19,530 Honda Insight -CVT 57 56 $21,530 Toyota Prius 60 51 $21,725 Honda Civic Hybrid 49 51 $21,850 Honda Accord Hybrid 29 37 $30,140 Toyota Camry Hybrid 40 38 $25,900 Ford Escape Hybrid 2WD 36 31 $27,515 Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD 33 29 $29,140 Mercury Mariner Hybrid 33 29 $29,225 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2WD 33 28 $33,030 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4WD 31 27 $34,430 Lexus RX 400h 31 27 $49,060.

Salvage Law: Stipulations And Amendments

Salvage law dictates the â€Å"service voluntarily rendered in relieving property from an impending peril at sea or other navigable waters by those under no legal obligation to do so. † Thus, under maritime law, salvage refers to the act of ‘rescuing’ or recovering certain objects in a deteriorating or perilous state at sea of people who have no legal responsibility (e. g. marines, navy). Salvage law also narrates the right of the salvor to proper compensation from the owner of said material property. This law inhibits embezzlement on the part of salvors and encourages attempts to save property. The basic stipulation of the law embodies the following areas: property, life, and treasure salvage. Basic premise of a salvage claim must fulfil the following criteria : 1. There must be a marine peril placing the property at risk of loss, destruction or deterioration. 2. The salvage service must be voluntarily rendered and not required by an existing duty or by special contract. 3. The salvage efforts must be successful, in whole or in part. Stress is given on the accomplishment of the attempt in order for monetary privileges to be given. With regard to the first requirement, the question lies on the state of a marine vessel or ship that exposes or threatens certain properties to loss or destruction. ‘The danger need not be imminent or actual; all that is necessary is a reasonable apprehension of danger. However, if the vessel has the situation under control, there is no peril. In order for salvage law to act upon its tenets, there must be a reasonable cause or status of danger on a maritime vessel as well as its property on board. If there is no threat of danger, materials contained from such cannot be considered as salvage. The degree of danger or peril is distinguished through the level of amount in salvage compensation but does not necessarily guarantee the right to compensation. As stated ‘The degree of peril, whether slight, moderate or sever, affects only the amount of the award, but not the entitlement of the salvor to a salvage award. In addition, maritime vessels that are driven aground, reefs, shoals, reefs, or any other impeding natural obstacle are considered to be in a state of danger. In such cases where vessels are exposed to natural forces such as gales, waves, or stormy weather, and places itself in a helpless situation that leads to further damage and threat of submersion, the principles of salvage rule applies. Second, the voluntary nature in the act of salvage is determined through an individual or party’s legal right to provide assistance. Professional salvors who mainly act of economic gain are not exempted from the rule; they are also considered as ‘volunteers’ in the part of regaining threatened property. Lastly, the third requirement falls under the ‘no cure, no pay’ under the principle of salvage rule wherein the act itself must be successful in order to fall under the requirements of proper compensation. A ‘no cure, no pay’ scenario a salvor may only be paid if the operation is successful whereas a contract salvaging necessarily pays the salvor at a fixed rate whether or not the rescue attempts may be successful or not. On liability, the salvor has the responsibility of performing the salvage effort with skill; any property damaged during the attempt will reduce the award amount. The salvor however, when the operation is unsuccessful, is not held responsible for the loss sustained by property owners otherwise caused by erratic or irresponsible behavior. Salvage law is based on the right of the salvor to proper compensation for the labor provided not to the title of property or loot during the operation itself. Salvage and Towage. The basic difference between the two principles lies on the degree of danger on the part of salvage situations whereas towage simply involves the ‘service that is based on the employment of one vessel to expedite the voyage of another when nothing more is required that the acceleration of her progress. ’ Towage involves the consideration for convenience where vessels only require assistance in completing its journey. Acts of towing vessels without the presence of danger does not fall under salvage rules; owners of said vessels are not entitled to pay the salvage compensation on the part of the volunteers. Again, the necessity for a salvage claim falls under the degree in which the property is in danger. The distinguishing fact between the two claims is that towage is the lack of danger. Contract Salvage Documents such as salvage contracts is a clear stipulation for the need of clarification on the terms of payment concerning owners and salvors as well as specific criterion in which the degree of safety of salvaged properties are agreed upon. These criterions may pertain to issues such as security, interest, legal fees, and arbitration, among others. However, the basic requirement for salvage contracts to work upon still lies on the success of the operation itself, otherwise the contract may be considered null and void unless working on a certain specification such as fixed rate that does not rely on the success of the operation. This specification falls under contractual salvage services wherein parties involved work for economic gain rather that acting on volunteer efforts. Another distinction is made if the assigned contract has fixed compensation applicably paid upon the success of the operation, it falls under a fixed ‘no cure, no pay’ contract. Difference is made between a ‘pure’ salvage operation wherein individuals or parties involved are considered volunteers in the strictest sense of the word where there is no contractual agreement between property owners and salvors. Contract salvage enables concerned parties to rescue property after disclosing an agreement regarding the safety of salvaged property and efforts which involve its recuperation will be compensated accordingly. Treasure and Property Salvage. As stipulated in the above requirements under salvage law, a salvor is entitled to compensation not the right to property of the salvaged materials. The right of ownership is immediately assumed to be still within the power of the owner. This rule also applies to properties that are abandoned by its owner and thus cannot be claimed as personal property of salvors. Salvage law must also be contrasted with the law of finds where the ancient principle ‘finders keepers’ applies. It is understood that abandoned properties in order for the law to be applicable, must have consent from the owner that expresses abandonment on the right of ownership to the property. If no consent is given, then the savage rule applies. The only probable dilemma in the rule of salvage and finds is on treasure and artifacts on ancient shipwrecks where no rules apply. Life Salvage Maritime law does not clearly specify any stipulation to salvage compensation or reward during operations concerning the involvement of people or ‘life salvage’. The distinction is made wherein there is no concept of ‘property’ in lieu with salvage law requirements. Any salvor who may save a human life does not declare any right of property to the person saved, the owner, or contents of cargo. However, the US Standby Act provides the responsibility to ship captains to ensure or render assistance to any person who is in danger at sea while maintaining safety and command over his/her own vessel. [A] master or person in charge of a vessel shall, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his own vessel, crew, or passengers, render assistance to every person who is found at sea in danger of being lost. ’ In cases where life and property are involved, there are certain circumstances in which the salvage award is increased with regard to the nature of the properties rescued as well as considering the lives saved. However, this stipulation is often negated with the notion of assistance or volunteerism on the part of the sal vors. Compensation. In determining compensation, The Blackwall provides six factors in which the nature of salvage award falls under: 1. The degree of danger from which the vessel was rescued. 2. The post-casualty value of the property being saved. 3. The risk incurred in saving the property from impending peril. 4. The promptitude, skill, and energy displayed in rendering the service and salving the property. 5. The value of the property employed by the salvors and the danger to which it was exposed. 6. The costs in terms of labor and materials expended by the salvors in rendering salvage service. In considering the compensation, the peril the vessel is placed upon must be taken into account as well as the danger(s) brought about by the situation that may lead to the behavior or actions of the salvors. In addition, salvors are not encouraged to increase time and effort with regard the operation in hopes of enhancing the reward in terms of willingly increasing the damage of a vessel. After enumerating the basic stipulations of the salvage law, we turn to the SCOPIC and the salvage convention in order to determine the differences of policy and/or rule with regard to maritime law. The LOF, SCOPIC, and Salvage Convention The following amendments on the nature of salvage law deals with the special and specific circumstances concerning the nature and amount of reward in terms of the nature, effort, and other requirements in contrast with the basic precepts of the law. Lloyd’s Open form of Salvage (LOF) is a standard legal document created by London-based insurance company Lloyd’s of London in lieu with maritime salvage operations wherein the company acts as an arbiter between owner and salvers concerning retrieval operations. The legal document is literally ‘open’ because it does not specify any amount of money for salvage operations in the beginning of any contractual agreement. The amount is later arbitrated by a representative of the company for the services rendered of the salvors within the degrees of distinction that are combined with the precepts of salvage and law and of the policies of the company.. The open form’s characteristics are enumerated as thus : the salvor enters to an agreement with the contract to utilize ‘best efforts’ to save the vessel along with cargo and to ensure its safe delivery to a prescribe place of safety; the services performed fall under the no ‘cure, no pay’ principle; the services prior to the signing of the contract is taken into consideration; the concerned parties may use vessel equipment free from charge from the salvor(s); the amount of the reward is determined by a committee at the company or an assigned arbitrator for the specific case; the method of arbitration is bound to London and English laws; and lastly, an appeal on the nature of the arbiter’s award to the committee. Thus, the nature of the LOF is legally concerned on a partial agreement between concerned parties which specifically takes the agreement into more formal terms wherein the salvors has the advantage of higher remuneration for services r endered compared to the normative conditions of Salvage law. This provision is intended for contractual or professional salvage operations determined by success. The agreement does not fall under special contractual services since the determinants in such agreements are dependent of fixed rates and whether or not the operation would be a success. In relation to the International Convention of Salvage of 1989 (herewith known as IMO) and the basic provisos of the Salvage law, amendments are made mainly concerning the identification of instances that enable salvers the right to attain special compensation which in essence still falls under the ‘no cure, no pay’ principle. Similar to the Salvage law and the LOF, the amendment in the IMO remain on the original position of the first law. The main difference lies on the formation of a requirement in order to attain special compensation on the part of the salvers within the additional terms external factors and material usage. In contrast with the ‘open’ monetary provision of LOF, the agreement between the owner and salvors are direct instead of relying on a third party neutral mediator. Chapter III of the IMO discusses the right of salvors in terms of the operations itself, notably the following sections. Aricle III, section 2 states: ‘Except as otherwise provided, no payment is due under this convention if the salvage operations have had no useful result. ’ Similarly, the provision still falls under the original stipulations of the Salvage law. However, specifications are made on the preceeding article and sections such as Article 14, Section 1 states: If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with this article, he shall be entitled to the special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined. In contrast with The Blackwall criteria on the basis of the award system on salvage law practices, the IMO convention amends the aforementioned requirements as stated in Article 13: 1. The salved value of the vessel and other property. 2. The skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment. 3. The measure of success obtained by the salvor. 4. The nature and degree of danger. 5. The skill and efforts of the salvors in saving the vessel, other property, and life. 6. The time used and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors. 7. The risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment. 8. The promptness of the services rendered. 9. The availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations. 10. The state of readiness and efficiency of the salvor’s equipment and the value thereof. The aforementioned amendments differ from the prior stipulations on the grounds of external or environmental factors and the specifications of compensation with regards to the nature of the operation itself. The amendments however still fall under the principle of the operation’s success in determining the right to the specified compensations. Article 14 provides that individuals may only receive special compensation, which include proper remuneration for expenses such as equipment used during the recovery operations, are not properly compensated by the salvage fee. The difference then is shown between the International Convention on Salvage law and the LOF. In contrast with the basic stipulations of the salvage law, the salvage amendments and the LOF stress on the importance of compensation and award through specifications of instances wherein concerned parties are properly paid with the addition of compensation for used equipment as presented in Article 14. Section two of the same article provides a mark increase and further specification on which the terms of agreement between owners and salvors may agree upon. If, in the circumstance set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to salvor under paragraph 1 may be increased up to a maximum of 30% of the expenses incurred by the salvor. The prior amendment furthers the exact amount of compensation as opposed to the basic stipulations in The Blackwell provisions. Further, the SCOPIC clause aims for the endorsement of the 1989 amendments but subsequently present tariff in relation to provisions in the special compensation section. The clause also functions to supplement the LOF which includes the provisions in Article 14. The main premise of SCOPIC is: ‘the contractor shall have the option to invoke by written notice to the owners of the vessel the SCOPIC clause set our hereafter at any time of his choosing regardless of the circumstance and, in particular, regardless of whether or not there is a â€Å"threat of damage to the environment. ’ As a supplement, the clause acts as a special addition on the part of salvor in terms of remuneration that further adds benefits upon completion of the necessary requirements found on Article 13 in the IMO. In relation to the provisions set in the LOF, the SCOPIC clause may be invoked at any time by the contractor or the salvors whether or not it adheres to the stipulations made in Article 13, specifically the threats to environment regarding the operation itself. Differentially, the Special Casualty Representatives (SCRs) act as the same function as that of LOF mediators but are appointed by owners in order to determine that nature of the operation. In addition, any award mentioned in the ten amendments in the IMO is discounted by at least 25% of the amount on a basis that it exceeds the totality of Article 13 awards: In addition to the rates set out above and any out of pocket expenses, the Contractor shall be entitled to a standard bonus of 25% of those rates except that if the out of pocket expenses, the Contractor shall be entitled to a standard bonus of 25% of those rates except that if the out of pocket expenses described. Sharply contrasting the provisions set in article 13, the clause provides an alternative method in enabling to negotiate claims outside the LOF and the IMO with referral to the proposed tariff systems regarding vessel tugs, equipment, and manpower. In contrast, the LOF does not grant power over salvors to terminate a previously agreed LOF contract which obliges the salvage team to perform their responsibility in their best attempt. However, clause 9 of the SCOPIC states: The contractor shall be entitled to terminate the services under the SCOPIC clause and the main agreement by written notice to owners of the vessel if the total cost of his services to date and the services that will be need to fulfill his obligations hereunder to property will exceed the sum of: a. The value of property capable of being salved; and b. All sums to which he will be entitled as SCOPIC remuneration. The provision gives the equal right on the part of salvors to maintain the power of bargaining if and only if circumstances arise in relation to the aforementioned provision. Conclusion In summation, the nature of salvage law is highly dependent on the manner in which material or physical objects are retrieved in relation to the degree of danger the operation is carried out. The law is divided into contract, treasure, and property salvage. As such any act of salvage in the part of salvors is entitled to proper compensation coming from owners of said materials in danger. The nature of salvage is differentiated with towage in the sense that the former is situational; the process in which materials are retrieved must be in context with immediate danger or deteriorating physical conditions of vessels that also provide threat to cargo or passengers whereas the latter is concerned with assistance of an incapacitated sea vehicle in completing the journey without any threat on the physical well-being of the vessel. Salvors are necessarily implied as volunteers, in the altruistic sense of the word, where individuals who do not have legal responsibilities in undertaking recovery operations. However, salvage law also applies to legal operations unit such as the marines or the coast guard who are also applicable under proper compensation rights in exceeding the standard requirements of duty in the process of operations. Salvors may also be applied to professional and economical groups who provide their service under a fixed rate of compensation with also a contractual understanding that the award may be paid whether or not the operation is a success. The stipulations from the LOF agreement, IMO convention, and the SCOPIC clause mainly act as specifications of the tenets provided in the Salvage law wherein the LOF is a third-party bargaining agreement that takes into account the original provisions of the law and the amendments stipulated in the IMO (e. g. o cure, no pay principle) but does not specify the amount of remuneration on the part of the salvors with the understanding that the amount is negotiated upon by the owners and salvors with a mediator. This functions as a non-government independent body concerning the bargaining nature of the law. On the other hand, the IMO convention is the amendment of the principles stated in the original depositions of the salvage law such as the duty to provide assistance whenever necessary with the additional tenets concerning environmental factors, coastal states, elaboration of duties/party responsibilities and the special compensation system upon compliance of requirements. The IMO amendments also function as a specific response to contractual salvage operations in order to properly accord the reward system as well retaining the original In contrast with the original positions, the IMO amendments, specifically stated in Article 13, specifically adds that the environment must be taken into consideration in minimizing or preventing damage in order to qualify for the award. Equipment is also taken into the jurisdiction as the salvors have the responsibility to not increase liability that equipments might cause during the process of retrieval or upon the materials itself. In relation with contractual agreements, the amendments also cover the professional viewpoint of hired salvage service as it is necessary for promptness or strict compliance to procedures in order to be considered legal. The added provision leads to the creation of the special compensation section where salvors may be duly compensated with the equipment used during the operations if the fe e does not suitably fulfill the expenses. Lastly, the SCOPIC clause functions as an additional provision on the LOF agreement where added provisions are given in behalf of the salvors themselves which in this sense equally provide a sense of equal bargaining power with owners. The clause mainly calls for the power of salvors to terminate existing LOF contracts during circumstance wherein the contractors (salvors) anticipate that the service will exceed the value of the property retrived and the sums stipulated in SCOPIC remuneration. The basic LOF agreement necessarily state the inability of contractors to terminate their contracts as the owners have complete right over their services during salvage procedures. Salvors are necessarily obligated to act upon to the best of their ability to perform the operation to success in order to qualify for the award. However, the SCOPIC clause, with reference to the provisions set by the basic Salvage law, the LOF, and IMO provide an extension of power for contractors in terms of remuneration agreements wherein the procedure itself, if it exceeds certain requirements, duly grant the power of salvors to terminate the contract. In addition, the appointment of an SCR is important upon agreement of both parties and exercise of the SCOPIC clause. The SCR is then obligated to attend the operation itself with a number of representatives appointed by a committee. Thus, the salvage law and the aforementioned provisions discuss the general idea jurisdiction and nature of the law and amendments made to cover certain concerns. Bibliography Anderson, A, Salvage and Recreational Vessels: Modern Concepts and Misconceptions  U.S.F. Maritime Law Journal June 1993. International Convention on Salvage, 1989 International Maritime Organization (IMO),1997, retrieved 6 April 2009,    Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (Approved and Published by the Council of Lloyd’s) 2000  § A-L, retrieved 6 April 2009, Mankabady, S, The International Maritime Organization, 2nd edn, Routledge, 1987 Schoenbaum T, Admiralty and Maritime Law, 2nd edn, West Group Publishing, USA, 1994. SCOPIC Clause 2007 p.1 Smith, N, The Law of Salvage, University of Puget Sound, 1994.

Aging Population in Hk

In the past, many people dead in childhood due to sickness and improper medical treatment, which enzymes and bacteria can easily kill them. However, with the development of medical technology, such as introduction of new treatments like antibacterial, people can combat many diseases and have a longer life, and the death rate can be lowered. Hence, as Hong Kong is a stable place, it can make people in Hong Kong live longer. Hong Kong is a stable place without the threat of civil wars and lack of essential resources like water and food, compare with some undeveloped countries. In addition, the Hong Kong government also maintain stability by making policies such as food hygiene policy. With maintaining stability, people can live longer then. The above conditions lead to the increasing longevity of Hong Kong people, which caused the aging population in Hong Kong. Declining birth rate In the past 50 years, there was a baby boom occurred in Hong Kong. People at that time did not concern about the cost of bring the child up and the problem of population explosion, which lead to the high birth rate at that time. After reaching 1980s, the birth rate started to be declined. This is mainly due to higher education rate in HK, when there is a higher educates rate, less female would unwilling to born more children. Hence, fearing from financial burden, as it bringing a child up requires a high cost, families are unwilling to give birth to child. Moreover, people are more likely to settle down at a later age, form their families when they become old, this also lead to a low birth rate. In fact, the low death rate could bring few negative effects. However, when there is a declining birth rate, the young age group cannot support the size of old age group born in the baby boom. This will lead to a serious problem. In short, a declining birth rate and a low death rate caused the aging population. Situation in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the population sizes of youngsters are keeping decreasing with a decrease of 17. 9% in 33 years. In contrast, the number of old people are keeping increasing, it is estimated in 2033, the old age group will become one-forth of the whole population. Hence, there is a decreasing trend in birth rate in 40 years with a drop of 1500 babies per year. Nevertheless, the trend grow again since 2005 due to migration from Mainlanders, they could only be able to work until 2030,which may hard to combat the problem. To conclude, the problem of aging population is serious. Impact of aging population In medical aspect, aging population may increase medical expenditure of government because elderly people may have the high risk of chronic diseases. Due to increases of medical services, the demand of doctor and nurses would also be increased. However, the government may not have enough money to provide better medical services as a lower tax income. This may lead to poor quality of medical services. From the point of view of the government, aging population reduces the government’s income as providing more welfare and medical care for elderly. It would also affect the GDP of HK due to more elderly people and less working population, which reduce Hong Kong’s economic development. HK competitiveness in the world may be seriously affected. In social aspect, aging population may increase the pressure of working force, as they need to pay more tax to government for providing better medical services and welfare, even though the demand of productivity at will be high and high salaries will be paid in the future. On the other hand, it may also enhance the problem of poverty as they may unable to work after retired. Suggestions of aging population From the above passage, we can see that aging population will cause a high expenditure and welfare on the government. The aims of the solutions below are to solve these problems. To start with, the government can solve the problem by Enabling older individuals to keep economically active. For example, the government can employed these old age people part-time works to enhance productivity. It can also encourage them to spend more money to enhance the economy by encourage them to travel in Hong Kong, such as the $2 Public Transport Concessions for the elderly. For those retired who are poor and disable to work, the government should put more resources to help them maintain a living. For example, increase the amount of welfare on the poor, or provide resources to some fund, which helps the old age groups, such as the Community Collusion Fund. On the other hand, the government should also cut some welfare, for example, the introduction of the Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) can let the old people save money itself for entire when they are working; the issue of health care voucher can reduce the burden of the government-owned health system. These measures can help the government to reduce the welfare.

Project Managent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Managent - Essay Example (Wordnet, 2008) Business Process Reengineering can be defined as a fundamental rethinking and redesign of business processes like marketing department, processing department, finance department and human resource department etc. so that the company can achieve improvements in cost, quality, speed and service of an organization (Wordnet, 2008). Business Process Reengineering is mostly called reengineering and does not mean just the automation or downsizing or even outsourcing. The organization has to keep one thing mind is that even tough the payback of reengineering is considered to be high, the risk of failure along with disruption level of the organization's environment increases. When BPR project is implemented within the organization the management has to remember one thing that it is not an easy task when implementing extreme changes within the business processes of the organization so that the efficiency and the effectiveness would increase. For example there are some organizations, which have gained impressive profits after conducting business process engineering but then again there are some organizations which have failed to achieve their objectives and targets or the improvement these companies sought to improve their business processes. With the help of BPR some employees or specialists from different departments come together to work as a team on product development process. WHY REENGINEERING / SELECTING BPR The organization needs to reengineer so that it can again focus on three things i.e. customers, competition and change. As we know that customers have changing needs and the company has to keep up with that is why reengineering is need. When it comes to competition the company has local as well as global competition. And to have a competitive advantage over its competitor the company has to conduct reengineering. And last but not least change, change would include technology and customer needs. With the help of business process reengineering with in an organization it changes the business processes, can focus on its end-users or customers or clients of the company's product. BPR helps with improving with cost, quality, speed and service of the company. It also introduces new and innovated products and services for the company's customers. And it also improves the efficiency and the effectiveness of the company's business processes. This process is flexible and rich in functionality and it is also process oriented. PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO BPR IN AN ORGANIZATION People who will mostly be affected by the business process reengineering would be the employees of the company. Because of BPR implementation with in the company it can damage the trust and the relationship b/w the employee and the employer. The employee would be thinking that due to BPR the employer would downsize and the employees would lose their jobs. Then another conflict can arise between the client of the BPR and the developers, i.e. whatever the client expects compared to what the correct action is. The companies who are planning to implement or do BPR should always make sure that it is sensitive ethically and socially responsible. People who would also be affected by the

Collision Insurance Requirement and Traffic Safety Act in Gonzalez vs Essay

Collision Insurance Requirement and Traffic Safety Act in Gonzalez vs. Raich's case - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the individual mandate will be a crucial part of the CIRTSA’s plan to reduce car accident costs. If individuals do not have to purchase insurance, then the companies offering the service cannot ensure others who are affected by accidents. It is possible to argue that, under the Commerce Clause, Congress can regulate those activities that will significantly impact on interstate commerce by contending that the motor insurance market is a significant player in the national US economy. Therefore, uninsured drivers will use roads and fail to pay for the billions of dollars the sector is worth annually, shifting the costs to society and significantly impacting on interstate commerce. The US Supreme Court ruling in Gonzalez vs. Raich relied in part on Wickard v. Filburn, which can be, in this case, to hold that the refusal of many individuals to buy collision insurance would substantially impact on the market for collision insurance. This is because even i f, the activity of the individual may not be considered commerce, Congress could still treat it as such because it exerts substantial effects interstate commerce economically, especially if many people lose their livelihoods, such as with Robert Doe. A substantial number of Americans will require collision insurance at some point and, if they do not purchase insurance, they will be shifting their costs to other individuals. This law should be introduced as a regulation for how people pay for their likely collision insurance. Finally, if the Act is challenged in court, it can be argued that laws must be presumed constitutional if it is impossible to prove otherwise. Because Congress is entrusted by the Constitution with policy decisions, the courts should rarely interfere with its policies. The second argument could come in if the Commerce Clause is found insufficient to support CIRTSA’s individual mandate. In this case, the mandate should be upheld as being within the powers of Congress to lay taxes and collect them.

Unit 5 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 DB - Research Paper Example Most of the gases occur naturally in the air while others are due to human activities. They include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Global warming is real. This is due to the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause the earth temperature to rise. Of all the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide occupies the large percentage of emission (Hogue, Johnson & Kemsley, 2013). This is mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels in electrical powered generation and industrial production. There is evidence that global warming is true and continues to take place. This is seen at the speed in which ocean level is rising. This is because global warming results to warming water that then increase water capacity. The increased water volume is also due to melting of glaciers. The melting of glaciers continues to be reported in Greenland and West Antarctica (Conservation International, 2012). Increased water volume has negative consequences for islands in the Caribbean and low-lying coastal areas Sound science is a term used when defending an argument on an issue. This term is used to indicate that individuals in a case have facts on their side (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999). This term has helped in supporting the theory of global warming, as there is evidence that it is affecting people in different parts of the globe. There are various ways to reduce carbon emission. They involve the use of nuclear energy as a source of electricity, reliance on geothermal and wind power, planting of trees, and reduction of fossil fuel

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 SLP - Essay Example Among the leadership styles employed may include; task oriented, relationship oriented, dictatorship, and transactional, transformational, charismatic, participative and bureaucratic style of leadership (Lussier & Achua, 2010). This study will focus on both task and relationship styles of leadership. Below is a survey results indicating task Verses Relationship leadership style of leadership Questions Never†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Always 1. Tells group members what they are supposed to do. 2. Sets standards for performance of the group. 3. Makes suggestion about how to solve the problem. 4. Makes his or her perspective clear to others 5. Develop a plan of actions for the group. 6. Defines roles responsibility for each member 7. Clarifies his or her own role within the group 8. Provides a plan for how the work is to be done 9. Provides criteria for what is expected of the group 10. Encourage group members to do high-quality work. 1 2 3 5 1 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 1 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 Total score for â€Å"A† orientation 4+2+1+2+3+1+1+5+2+3=26 =26 Scores Questions Never†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Always 11. Act friendly with members of the group. 12. Helps others feel comfortable the group. 13. Responds favorably to responses made by others. 14. Treats others fairly. 15. Behaves in a predictable manner towards group members. 16. Communicates effectively with group members. 17. Shows concern for well-being of others. 18. Shows flexibility in making decisions. 19. Disclose thoughts and feelings to group members. 20. Helps group members to get a long. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 1 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 4 Total score for â€Å"B† orientation 5+4+5+4+2+5+4+4+3+5= = 41 Scores A =  Task  Orientation Scores: 26 B =  Relationship  Orientation Scores: 41 Scale 45-50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very high range 40-44  High range 35-39 moderately high range 30-34 moderately low range 25 -29  Low range 10-24  Very low range Analysis Based on the above survey, the scores indicates that task oriented leadership stand at 26 score while relationship oriented leadership style stands at 41 score. This indicates that the scores for relationship oriented style were within a scale of 40-44 (high range) while on the other hand, the scores for task oriented leadership lies within a scale of 25-29 (low range). This means that the leaders of this organization utilized relationship focus type of leadership. Where, leaders help members of the organization to understand their roles by providing them with necessary support as well as organizing how task will be executed (Daft & Lane, 2008). This means that this type of leadership not only encourages integration but also collaboration among team members (Daft & Lane, 2008). Therefore, the above results will be utilized by the leaders of this organization to strike a balance between task and relationship in order to become more ef ficient and effective in their future leadership. This is because both task and relationship oriented leadership styles complement each other (Goethals, Sorenson & Burns, 2004). For example, employees feel motivated to execute organization goals when treated with care and concern (Goethals, Sorenson & Burns, 2004). This may further leads to an increase in productivity and efficiency within an organization (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano & Dennison, 2003). Therefore, leaders should focus on relationship oriented type of leadership

India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India - Research Paper Example Another problem centres on Kashmir, the province with a Muslim majority where India’s neighbour Pakistan supports a separatist movement. So media labs coexist alongside continued outbursts of sectarian violence. This said (March 2002) Shashi Thahoor, 2Indian writer and social critic, ‘is one of the ironies of Indias muddled march into the 21st century.’ Despite all the latest positive developments Thahoor sees India as still ‘shackled to the dogmas of the past.’ According to Cohen (2001, page xiv) ‘New Dehli still finds it difficult to translate economic potential into political and strategic influence.’ In fact there are so many problems that it is feared that the much vaunted Indian tradition of plural development and secular government could be at risk.. Meanwhile, India, already a nuclear power, is pressing for a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council. At a 2002 United Nations debate on the future of the Security Council,3 A. Gopinathan Indias deputy representative to the U.N, put forward a proposal that the number of countries permanently represented be expanded. The present set up was decided before India even had self government as a country, and reflects the world of the 1940’s rather than the present day situation. It was argued that the present format is both unrepresentative and anachronistic. as quoted by the Press Trust of India in March 2002, and should be revamped to better reflect the increasing importance of India and other emerging nations. India’s sectarian problems are of course nothing new. Although there is an Hindu majority, there are also a number of other religions represented including Muslims, Christians, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs. Onwards from the year of modern India’s birth in 1947, when more than a million people died , violence has been a common part of Indian life. In February 2002, as reported by Celia Dugger, 458 travellers, including children, were

Social Media Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media Marketing - Essay Example According to the report findings  the measurement of social media has been stated to relate to the actuality of trailing the diverse and assorted content associated with the various types of social media on the whole. This particular process is observed to be carried out for ascertaining the specific quantity and attitude and reaction with regard to a particular brand in terms of the social media by the concerned marketers. Social media is being increasingly considered to be a popular form of marketing platform for the marketers owing to which the facet of measurement is considered to be quite a decisive constituent for the purpose of attaining success.From the essay it is clear that  the process of web analytics not only entailed the function of a measuring instrument in order to ascertain the web traffic but was also used for the purpose of business as well as market research. This stated measurement technique also aided in evaluating along with enhancing the efficacy of a defi nite web site. The web analytics were known to involve two groups and they were the off-site as well as the on-site. However, it needs to be mentioned in this regard that the advanced measurement tools in relation to the social media are believed to incorporate the two groups with regard to web analytics into tools that have been found to satisfy the functions related to both the groups.  The present measurement tools are known to provide a qualitative insight regarding the thinking, sentiment, behavior and demographics of the viewers.

The stories success Essay Example for Free

The stories success Essay Technology would have the greatest overall effect on the stories success. To keep up with the competition constant training and flow of inventory has to be maintained drawing heavily on capitol resources. Also the skill level of employee’s would dictate a higher pay structure then required by regular toy stores. Rapid changes in technology would require a very liquid inventory. Items could quickly become antiquated, decreasing there value possible beyond original cost; at the very least putting pressure on the companies profit margin. This also means stock must be replaced whether old stock has been sold or not. This puts pressure on devaluing old stock even further to make space for incoming new stock. People already skilled in the industry need to be acquired. This will require offering more competitive salaries and benefit incentives to gather and retain these individuals. As these individuals are trained in new technology and gain more experience the company will have to aggressively instigate programs to retain these individuals with rich compensation raises and other more costly incentives such as stock options or profit sharing. Finding such rarified individuals might prove difficult causing the involvement of staff agencies, again increasing overhead costs. Also people might not like the idea of a toy store, filled with children, right next to where they will eat. Meal time is considered by most as a time to relax and unwind, which might not be done as easily in a restaurant attached to a congregation point for children with buzzing and flashing toys. A quieter establishment across the way might look more appealing.

Process Essay Sample Will Give You a Clue How to Make Your Work an Excellent One

Process Essay Sample Will Give You a Clue How to Make Your Work an Excellent One Process Essay Sample Will Give You a Clue How to Make Your Work an Excellent One Try to Use Our Tips in Writing Your Academic Essay Process essays are academic essay type that should clarify the sequence of actions that should be done to complete definite task. Such kind of essay involves the absolute understanding in the subject to be talked about. You would never effectively explain the issues that you are not acquainted with. Essay needs a skill, especially when you want to make a procedure or process essay writing. So, when you need to advance your work, process essay sample may well be brought into play. Actually, preparing an essay can be an engaging duty. It lets you try to express your point of view and attitude to the problem. Moreover, it may let a writer demonstrate his writing talent, or express his position. Argumentative essay gives the author a chance to speak their arguments; writing is a good method to state your position. It may be curing and inspirational. And on the contrary, writing may also be an instructive dilemma that makes the students feel weighed down and helpless. In this case, the essay examples that are presented by essay websites might truly be considered useful in helping the learners to improve their writing skills. In contrast, not all of essays samples may be supposed as first rate-some have awful qualities and are not actually helpful at all. Thats why, it is essential for the learners to see the difference and to develop to be more critical as well. In the same way, knowledge of supreme essays will really expand ones skill. When you continually read exceptional written works, you will surely be acquainted with the notion of a true quality. Process essay sample can be said to be high-quality when: It gives full instruction. That is to say when the writer fails to plainly sort the basic steps to complete the task, the written work possibly will not be considered as fine. It has precautions to stay away from accidents. Most essays aim to complete some plan, sketch, research that can effect in a trouble when chaotically done. It has re-establishment or clarification ideas. There are actions that cannot possibly be prevented. In such case, it may assist offering some other solutions. A process essay that has statements may truthfully be considered as useful. It has exact dimensions, when necessary. It can really help to obtain exact results. Finally it becomes essential in tests and methods. If you will be preparing a training essay, aim to be more exact, see whether it is a centimeter or meter, foot or miles. Dont waver to call for a process essay examples here. We always guarantee different types of academic essays and essay format, working to provide you with the best grades. So order essay here and have it soon with the best quality. Planning a Research Paper In Accordance With a Correct Research Methodology Format Writing a Good Academic Essay Requires a Profound Knowledge of Writing Format, Offered Further. Preparing research paper is one of the most complex sides of writing academic essay on the whole as it requires some tough work, a careful thoroughly research work on the selected topic, attention and enthusiasm. All these features together with a right essay format model come together to shape a high-quality research work. A thesis paper usually takes in a paper cover page, a summary, foreword to research paper, a body itself and an ending. Research methodology format is a central and vital part of any work of this type. It is the part that manages the arrangement of all the techniques implemented to collect information and how the concrete study has been accomplished by the author. So it is necessary that one is aware of the research methodology format properly so as to make an ideal research paper. Research methodology format comprises parts that contain design examples, data compilation, system of information gathering and lastly the study of the data composed and the right explanation of the analyzed information Design examples is the procedure used for classifying the samples accessible and may be either prospect sampling or non prospect sampling. There are a range of ways to do it and depends on the authors preference or what the theme requires. After that there will be the gathering of information and the techniques used to get together it. Information can be collected by means of direct examination or experimentation and besides using survey. Direct examination or experimentation gives information that is available and may be applied to confirm some issues or hypotheses in the work. Review may be accomplished by presenting discussions, providing opinion polls and even by the use of examination. After gathering all the needed information within the restrictions of a given time the investigator will be required to sit down and consider all the data and information composed and properly understand them. The study of facts can be completed by a range of ways like explanatory data, ANOVA or analysis of variations. The whole process after that should be written in the accurate chain and in a reasonable manner and offered to the audience so that the person who will read it could get the whole image of what the investigator has made to obtain the desired outcome and come to definite conclusions. Consequently preparing a research paper going after the right research methodology format is not a simple mission and some external assist is often needed and better if accepted. 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Looking through such examples can train the learners the basics of quotating and how to get on with it. Glancing through essay samples and prompts make stronger the core of writing and therefore it is kind of support for the learner to improve his scores, as while studying them the student gets more practice and grows to be well prepared in the different features of essay referencing and how to make it right. As quotations and references are rather a principal part of writing an academic essay consequently it is desirable that the author makes as many samples as he can to evade any errors. Quoting a work is one of the most significant things in preparing an essay. Having no correct sample of reference your work is not only unfinished but will surely bear facts of copying which is a rather serious offence. Consequently you should be very cautious about quotation references. Thats why it would be desirable to look though a number of samples of reference to learn and ensure how quotations are written. We always have different types of custom essay and they all are of high quality. Besides you can check them out at your own leisure. If you are still not certain enough, then you can buy essay or order a work on any of diverse research paper topics we offer. Choosing Suitable and Successful Sociology Paper Topics -Find Out How to Select Right Topic for Your Paper on Sociology Sociology is defined by some people as the learning of persons social behavior, particularly the study of the beginning, culture, society, and growth of human society or it can also be identified as an investigation of a societal part as a self-contained body. So, sociology is a gigantic and a very exciting subject and choosing right sociology paper topics is a very important moment in your academic life. 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Why Great Men Do Not Become President Essay examples -- Elections Poli

Why Great Men Do Not Become President Over the course of history America has been electing the most popular not necessarily the best-qualified men as president. The office has become a strategic component vital to each political party. Parties sacrifice a great leader for the man that will win the most votes. History is a record of how we have always had had this practice. The office is full of corruption because money and influence run the presidency. The political leaders lie to the people that he is intended to serve. There are many overwhelming reasons that the best man is not always chosen for the job. They all inevitably stem down to the simple fact that a political party in order for its survival must have their candidate elected. In this struggle for dominance, qualities crucial to making a â€Å"great† leader are sacrificed in order to get votes. Location, religion occupation, and track record are all taken into consideration when choosing a candidate. Although these factors have no effect on how a leader will perform in office they are crucial factors in determining a candidate. Presidential candidates can best be described to a form of selective breeding. Similar to how farmers choose the best seeds to plant their crops each season to grow the most food, political parties choose the best candidates in the same respect. In order to survive and have their philosophy be heard in the American system of government, political parties must win elections. To ensure the best chances of winning an election they select the best â€Å"seeds.† Ultimately though sacrifices need to made to ensure a successful election. This is due to the simple fact that a bad president is better then no president in the eyes of ea... ...ar as the last election to be disproved. George W. Bush was a poster child for Republican America. He is not a great man in any sense of the word. Bush is not a genius or scholar. He did work to build himself up but was simply born into the Bush royalty. Just like royalty fittingly enough he was appointed president by having the right connections, image and of course, money. America needs a change from the current standard. We have had men in office who have lied cheated and stole from the very people that they are there to serve. Respect for the office is lost because of their actions. It is clear that corruption runs deep and is not a new addition to the White House. The discerning fact is that this may never change as long it takes money and image to win an election. American elections will always be more an election of popularity then of principle.

Sir Gawain and Green Knight Essays: The Power of Three :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

The Power of Three in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight A recurrent theme in almost all Old English writings involves the number three. Beowulf fought the dragon in three rounds. In Morte Darthur, King Arthur sent Sir Bedivere to throw Excalibur into the lake three times. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the number three has a triple importance. In this story there were three different events that each happened in three stages: The three hunts of the Lord, the three seductions by the Lady, and the three swings of the ax that the Green Knight took; all three relate to each other. The hunting and the seductions are both closely related to each other, but there is a little twist involved with the characters of these situations. The role of the game that the Lord is hunting is also the role of the Lady, but in the seduction scenes, it is the hunter being hunted by the prey. In the first hunt, the Lords prey is a deer. The deer was skittish and not much of a challenge; the first time the Lady seduced Sir Gawain she was a little skittish and not much of a challenge. Also, the Lord, "Let the bucks go by, with their broad antlers, for it was counted a crime, in the close season, if a man of that demesne should molest the male deer" (lines 1154-6). Just as it was a crime to hunt bucks at that time, it was also a crime for the Lady to "molest the male deer." But, she was only following the will of her Lord, something that Sir Gawain did not know at the time. The Lady’s seduction intimidated Sir Gawain, and this is where we can relate the first swing of the Gree n Knight’s ax. The Green Knight stopped his swing the first time because Sir Gawain flinched as the ax was coming. This fear of his death can be related to his fear of the seduction of the Lady. For both situations he had his life to fear (adultery is punishable by death), and at both situations he showed his fear. In the end, Sir Gawain exchanged the one kiss he received from the Lady for the deer that the Lord killed, as in their agreement of whatever was won would be exchanged at the end of the day.

The Neglect Of The Native American Indian :: essays research papers

Nearly every Native American Indian tribe has experienced some kind of neglect or discrimination. The white man has forcefully moved tribes from their homes, broken treaties that were promised to them, and senselessly slaughtered thousands of innocent Indian men, women, and children. This kind of neglect is what led to the Battle of Little Bighorn Creek, a battle that is talked about in The Great Plains, the book I chose my topic from. The reason this subject touched me personally is because almost everyone who presently lives on the Great Plains has a certain percentage Indian blood running through their veins, including myself. The neglect of the Native American Indian in America has been a problem for generations, but it is a part of our history as Americans and therefore worth studying. Although everyone should be involved in finding out more about this subject, historians and the ancestors of Indians who have been neglected have a tendency to be the more interested than others. Historians, like Edward Sherrif Curtis, the writer of "The North American Indian", are aroused by the mysterious past of the Indians. Their curiosity is what drives them to devote their entire lives to find out more about this historic past time. Curtis, for example, devoted more than thirty years of his life, following, living with, and taking more than forty thousand pictures of eighty different Indian tribes (Curtis, par.1). Another well-known seekers of Indian information are the Indians themselves. Their drive comes from keeping their heritage alive and giving justice to their ancestors who were mistreated by the senselessness of the white man. One of their goals is to share the wealth of information that has been passed down from their elders, to help us better understa nd their way of life. During my research on this topic, I found that there is a vast amount of information out there, and it can be found almost anywhere. The Internet is where I began my search. Websites that talk about the history of the Indians like, Eyewitness: History through the eyes who lived it, Tour of the Florida Territory during the Seminole (Florida) Wars, 1792-1859, and Bitterroot National Forest of Western Montana were very useful tools for writing this paper. They talked about the hardships of the Indians, the wars they were in, how those wars were started, and how the tribes in those wars have been mistreated.

How Does IEKA Approach Operations Management?

The main purpose of this paper is to focus on the how IKEA Company approached its operation management. Particularly, it covers the following: how the company establish and manage customer requirements, secondly how does these customers requirements used for the company’s product and services, then, third covers the operational systems and processes it used in its operation, fourth consists of capacity planning, process layout, and product services/scheduling, inventory and projects were managed in the organization.And, lastly is on why and how monitoring and evaluation of operation were carried out by the company. This paper also provides empirical findings and application of relevant theories that will help readers to really understand how the company operates and what relevant theories it applies. Introduction In most companies these days whether it is local or multinational companies, they are always faced with big challenges.Challenges those are sometimes insurmountable t o overcome like continuing to be innovative or problems related to cost. These are two of the most common challenges that company continuously faced, but these problems may also be overcome only if the company operates in a way that it focus mainly in its main strength and at the same time focusing on the right market, where they would know that they have the advantage.In this paper with IKEA Company as the main focus, it will give us exactly how typical multinational companies manage to operates. It will include such processes like customer requirements, operations management, monitoring projects and other theories and processes applied in actual operation. This paper also provides some important empirical findings that will help to support the theories and actual strategies applied by the company.Historical Background of IKEA Company. It was not so long after the company founder INGVAR KAMPRAD born in 1926 and just 17 years later after that year, where at a very young age when ING VAR registered the first IKEA Company and this was in July 28, 1943. Actually, the name of the company IKEA stands for (Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd). Couple of years later, the company had its first advertisement through a local newspaper, and then through aggressiveness in the business, Ingvar launched its first fine and modern line of furniture in 1948.Followed by launching of IKEA’s catalogue and first furniture showroom in Sweden in 1951 and 1953 respectively. Four years later, the true concept of the company’s creation of well designed furniture at a very low price started in 1955 and three years later it was the world’s first IKEA store opened. From those early years the company started to grow and number of co-workers and that started to be seen by the company in 1958 and a year after that was the introduction of the company’s self assembly furniture.But, since the company want to make sure that they offered not only low price items, they sta rted to find ways on how quality will be implemented. That is why by 1961, the company started to implement quality testing in all its products. Then the company sees opportunity to expand and by 1963, the company launched their first IKEA store outside Sweden and this is in Norway. Then from their on the company started to grow and stores outside increases and it was first penetrated in the European region.And by the company reaching the 90’s, the company became design oriented which is needed in order to compete, but still the main concept and vision of the company to lower the price and at the same time quality is not out of the plan and it continuously been the advantage of the company. Like in 1997 specifically was the year for children, where the company has developed numerous products for kids and still innovative design continuous to work for the company. And by 2003, through its donations has helped a Swedish hospital to build â€Å"The Kaprad House† which pri marily facilitates for cancer patients. How does the organization establish customer requirements? Establishing customer requirements maybe is one of the most important factors for success for any company in the world and whether it is local or multinational business. The main reason is that it mainly focuses on how a company develops the right product. It may very simple to say that it may only be about how the company interviews or provide questionnaires or even conducting surveys just to know the important and appropriate requirement of the customers. The IKEA Concept, 2007. But, actually it is more than that and it takes a lot of effort in performing such activity. That is also the problem with come companies, they would think that establishing customer requirement is easy as like asking them when they visit the shops, stores or even sometimes paying some formal visits does not answers all these and in fact there are customers that would only accomplish survey forms out of persi stence by some crews or managers of the shops.And the problem started as when the company started to rely on these requirements and apply some strategies on it, seeing it as the real problem and from there irrelevant solutions were applied and that only adds problem or worsen the problem of the company. In theory, it is said that establishing customer needs or requirements are mainly the job of the marketing department of the company and these group also knows that requirements of customers may come from different aspects in the business.Like one of the aspect is that requirements may come from the attitude of the customer towards the product which is shaped by the experienced by the product itself, like take for instance a product that is known for ore than 2 decades and the customers are well used to it, this means that the attitude of the customers towards that product and the years of experience of the product itself plays a big factor in understanding the requirement of its cus tomers.Secondly it can also be brought about by the opinions or claims of other customers, which is sometimes can also help the company in understanding the need of their customers, but this can only be applicable to products or services that were introduced positively at first, because there are some new or old products that are not well recognized and these products on the other hand are obviously hard to analyzed its customer needs. But there are some more aggressive ways on how to deal with customer requirements and this is through direct selling, these type of business has the greater advantage against the others most of the time.The reason is that they directly work with the customers and the business units are the ones asking what they need and from there, the direct seller provides what best fit to their needs. Lastly is that company relies on advertising, this happens when the company introduce new product to the market or sometimes before they introduce to the market by ju st letting them aware of the product that will be soon launched. From the result of public acceptance based from the popularity ratings of the advertisement, the company would then based it and later used it as a basis for customer requirement.But the latter is sometimes dangerous and drastic because sometimes the company maybe mislead on the popularity of the advertisement which sometimes does not reflect on the actual sales of the product. Other theory that needs to be well followed in order to accomplish better requirement gathering is that company must understand that there are three important factors that need to be considered in establishing requirement of customers and these are in the form of questions: †¢Who buys the product? †¢What they actually buy? And most importantly, how they buy? And these three questions can also directly address the important concern of customer satisfaction. Like in terms of who buys it, this pertains to the type of customer that would p ossibly and those who will definitely buy the product. For customers that will definitely buy the product, there should be a separate strategy that will be applied to them like may be giving them some small perks like through discounts maybe enough since these customers are considered the loyal ones.While for those customers that are potential and have the probability of buying the product, strategy may be more aggressive like giving them discounts or even focusing on designs or even giving additional perks for buyers may also be used to strategize new and potential customers. Secondly, focusing on what the customers actually buy is one question that companies must look into in establishing requirements. In this question, the main focus is on closely understanding what the customers really like; these can be brought about by latest trends or specific needs for specific type of customers.For most company’s the latter seems to be easily been addressed by companies as they can e asily study such requirements, but what is hard for companies to anticipate are the trends that may come and for companies they only compete by who among them can be the first one to introduce that trend to the market. But sometimes these does not give any assurance on them, what makes it more lasting impact is on how the company the company provide not only just the trend but also quality and in terms of price in order for customers to really appreciate the product itself.Lastly in terms of how they buy, this pertains to how accessible and availability of the product t the customers. This is also been a big factor in establishing requirements because there are times that products have the best quality and the price is within the budget, but due to availability of stocks and availability to the customers, it became a driving force for customer not to buy the product and instead they would settle to change their preference and that becomes the problem of some companies.This means tha t consistencies is always a challenge as well, companies should always remember that if they offer such quality and sure to be a hit product for their customers, it does not stop there and the company itself should be prepared and be able to be up for the challenge to produce as many products as it can in order to address the demand for the product or services that they offer. That is why it is also important to address customer requirements because it also helps in understanding its target customer. 2 For IKEA, a company that in everyday they operate, understanding and establishing customer requirement is essential. Establishing Customer needs, n. d. The reason mainly is that they provide products that should always look into the needs of their different types of customers. But, even though the needs may come differently and uniquely, depending either on designs, price or even space or combination of both or all of the products. As the main vision of the company mainly focuses on h ow to provide better life for its customers and this is through their two main company objective and that is to provide as much as possible wide variety of products to choose from and at the same time prices that are low that surely they can afford.As based from its main vision, it obviously follows that the company’s main concept is to really provide low prices home furnishing products. This concept started when INGVAR KAMPRAD an entrepreneur from Smaland province in southern part of Sweden had an innovative idea in mind. As an entrepreneur he found out that in order to be successful in the business, he saw that most people live simple and they live their life frugally and they really work hard.This only shows that people would only buy things that are important on them and majority of the people would consider buying not so luxurious and high price things. That is why from that observation, he made an impression that in order to satisfy these highly hard working customers t o buy the products and be able to compete well in the market. That is why from that observation, he made an impression that in order to satisfy these highly hard working customers to buy the products and be able to compete well in the market.Then, what he did was an approach to find ways on how to provide not only quality products but also providing them with a lot of choices and most specially the price is low, which customers will surely find way to fit on their budget and that is until now the trademark of the company that is why they became popular anywhere they operate in the world. That is why with this technique or strategy that was applied by the company since the time when the company actually started. These were also the effective strategy that the company applied and has been a very effective way.This is true in fact even up to now that companies must understand that the need of the customer should still be satisfied and in order to do this there should be well considerat ion not only on the basic functionality of the product but also taking into consideration on the price and quality of the product. 3 This only shows that the company from the beginning knows what it takes to be in the business and how they can actually address the concerns and requirements of their customers.And from this concept by its founder and entire workforce that are working for the company, it was easy for the company to just innovate and be flexible on the different needs of their customers since the foundation were well established. And since the company were jointly managed by group of owners around the world, they also kept in mind that the way they operates like specifically how they establish requirements must be in line with the global concept and practice of the company which is still starts with products that are not only quality but also sold in a very low price.That is why for any additional requirements like in terms of additional functionality designs and even i n terms of price are mainly comes from the actual conversation and interaction by the customers themselves through the store co-workers. Even the actual store arrangement and presentation becomes a focal point in establishing customer requirements. How are customer requirements translated into products/services? It is true that establishing customer requirement does not stop there and what the company needs to do is to translate these requirements into actual product or services.For most companies these has also become a major problem, maybe not just because of the problem that some companies may established the wrong requirements or it is just company’s translate the required products or services wrongfully. 3 The IKEA Concept, 2007. Most specially customers these days are very intelligent and they easily shift their preference and what makes it difficult these days is that there are a lot of products to choose from and one wrong move can give a lot of impact for the busines s and that is something that company’s must look into closely.There are actually many theories that can be applied in carefully and effectively translating customer requirements into products or services, But among the many theories, there is one important theory that focuses on how products are being planned before it actually delivers to the customers and this is what is being called as product planning framework. In this model or framework it shows that for companies to be successful in converting requirements into products or services.In this approach it also tackles the over-all company strategy that should also be included in the actual development of the product and not just the requirement alone. Because there are instances that the company over-prioritize on the certain aspect in the product planning where in fact it does not only need to separately prioritize but also have to manage how the different factors relate to one another. Needs, 2004) In it shows that it is not only the detailed requirement alone is important, instead it should be well collaborated with the other factors or aspects of product planning.And it all starts with understanding first the company strategy; these should be the starting point and then it follows by three collaborative processes which include competitive business environment, which involves a careful understanding on how the company understand the way it should perform in order to be competitive and not just develop a product or service that only performs the basic requirement of the customers instead it should be developed to address competitiveness, secondly in the group of process after understanding the main corporate strategy is the market dynamics, at this point company’s must also look into the different trends and market situations which may also become a major factor in the business. Companies must look into the way market is moving and sensitivity towards these aspect gives a lot of leverage for the company even by the time of planning in the development of the product. Then, the third and last part of the three collaborative processes is development capabilities; this includes the identification of the company’s capabilities of developing the actual product.This situation also a big impact for some companies because there are companies that even though they already identified and studied the market dynamics and the competitive business environment, eventually they found out that they have no capability or capacity to do it, so what they need to do is to just focus on planning to develop some products that are within their capacity to developed. These three processes are also considered as market opportunity filter. Architecture and long –term roadmap come next, which focuses mainly on how the product can be developed product policy and goals which is very important in terms of establishing long-term success of the product.There are also other factors that it really focuses like corporate or division value added, core technology applied and other aspect that mainly focuses on the long-term success of the product. Detailed user requirements or product definition comes next, where at this point, these only includes the detailed understanding of users needs and all the information that it supports which includes the things that were presented above, like information regarding what customers wants, who actually buy the product and how they buy it. This information will then be used for establishing a business case which will mainly use in providing a study that will be use to support the feasibility of the product development and lastly is the process of execution, which involves the actual generation of the product or services.But this may be applicable and useful to some products or services that are well established in the industry or companies that already has its name and just continuous to explore for new opportunities. The reason is that there are many failures that may be encountered by companies who are introducing new product in the market. One of the most common reason is that since they don’t have establish customer awareness and their data are sometimes not reliable and just follows current market trends. It shows that there are also some important factors that need to be carefully addressed by new companies or companies introducing new product lines in the market.These also show that there are many cases that can contribute the ineffectiveness of translating customer requirements into product or service development. 4 For IKEA, in terms of translating customer requirements into products and services, it has always been the main focus of the company and this is perform by the company through what the company called as IKEA’s Main Range. As most companies would also envy how the company operates and how they still provide low price products even though there are a lot of economic problems tha t are happening. But, the main reason why the company continues to survived and still keep up with quality and price is though its what they called as IKEA Range.IKEA range refers to the formula on how the business operates and it all starts with its main concept of producing low price products plus their effective production method that continuously been the priority which gives big boost for the company since it is the major cost centered activities of the company and lastly but definitely not the least is with the innovative ideas and minds of their people that up to now becomes a major concern driving force in the success of the company as well. But basically there are four basic factors how the IKEA range actually performs and translates customer requirements and these includes: profile, design, functionality and the strategy they do for lowering the price of its product. In terms of profile, the company continues to target the fundamental activities in every home such as eatin g, sleeping, storing items and socializing but the company always makes sure that their products based on these basic activities they always have to consider the limited budget and space of most of its customers.In other words, the company always strives to provide a product that first satisfies 4 Driving Product Development with Customer Needs, 2004 the basic needs of their customers based on the standard activities in everyone’s homes and then consider the tight budget and limited space of homes of the customers. In terms of design, just like in the profile, designers of the company are always task to provide innovative ideas that comprises of new and innovative designs and at the same time address low cost production cost, which may result to low price for their customers. Even though this is a big challenge for designers, still they manage to produce products that are not only stylish but also at low cost to produced and sell.These are two of the main secret of the compan y, they always find better ways on how they can lower the production cost through better designs, because for them is they will still produce better design with low production cost, they can leverage against the competition and that gives both benefit for the company and most specially for their customers. In terms of functionality, the companies always look into beyond the basic functionality of its products. It constantly seeks value to its products, and with that it also implements strict quality assurance, in order for their customers not to say that their products are not just low price and style but also durable.This only shows that the functionality of products through quality is an essential part of IKEA’s business and this should not compromise cost. In terms of low price products, the company has implemented this strategy by providing a wide range of choices. With the many choices that they offered, there will definitely be a choice of the customers that is fit for their budget and not just a fit in the space they have in their homes. The company does not compete on a per item basis, they compete in terms of prices through selections and wide range of designs and functionality of products that they offered and this is an added advantage of the company.And as how the company perform its actual way of translating customer requirements into actual product development or services and as based on the concept that were presented earlier, it clearly stated that there are clear evidence that IKEA stick with its corporate strategy to offer products that are not only affordable but also has quality. This known requirements where further enhanced by innovative design by their designers that still carefully addresses the needs of the customers. What operational systems and processes are in place to satisfy the Product/service requirements of customers? It is true that there are different processes or systems that need to be implemented by company in order to institutionalize the way on how the company satisfies product or services requirements. Because there are times where other company apply different ways on how they manage requirements and these results to inconsistencies in the information that the company generates.And in order for these very essential requirements not going to waste, company’s should create a well defined process on how not only keep it but more importantly satisfy these requirements through implementation of the right processes and systems. For IKEA, the main idea for the company is to really see on how the store nationwide performs the business and these are again based from the company’s IKEA range. In the presented process by the company IKEA above, it uniquely showed that the company again mainly focuses on satisfying customer requirements through finding any possible ways on how they can offer only the best and well designed products which is mainly the start and end of its processes.The f irst one as being the standard designs of the products that ere studied by the company and the last one as the added inspirational designs, which mainly focuses however on the innovative ideas that comes only from their senior designers, but what is important here is that these designers stills looks into the main global strategy of the company. While the one that separates the first and last activities in the process is with regards to finding the best production method that has also become the secret key for success of the company. This is because through these well designed production method, it gives the company enough leverage in applying cost for its products. And all these three main processes is equivalent to IKEAS Unique process in satisfying customer needs.In fact there is even some strategy that the company implemented in the design of its stores globally that also added to the company’s success globally. To add on their very unique and very effective concept in op erating the business, the company stores around the world operates in a way that inspire all its customer on the real life look of the rooms and homes, this is in order for them to really see the real look of the products once it’s installed. With big space stores that the company offers from its customers, and actually encourage taking their time and letting them feel comfortable within the store. Letting the customers actually sit, lie down, open and close drawers in their products, it adds more value for their customers since they can actually feel, see and hold on the products.Added to that is the assigned workers that is always ready to assist the guest if they need additional information, most specially some technical details. With the 9,500 different designs and products to choose from, it definitely provides an excellent travel experience and that gives customers a big possibility that there is always a product that’s right for them, either in terms of budget o r in terms of space. 5 In fact there are also proofs that a show that these process has become an effective way on how the company continuously grows not only in terms of sales or revenues but also in terms of stores and visitors that visited every store it operates in the world.First, in terms of sales there was a consistent increase in sales from the time the company started up to 2007, which means that no matter what and how big economic issues that comes in the global economy, IKEA still manage to perform well and with its unique process in satisfying the needs of the customer, sales are always increasing. In terms of number of visitors that visited the stores worldwide, it also shows that number also increases which means that customer awareness is improving and this also improves the company’s global sales. And with its 200 stores around the world and more than 450 million visitors annually. This only shows that the company’s stores and its products are well reco gnized. And the company where very aggressive in expanding its business globally, in order to serve its clients better.With these figures that were presented, it only proves that the company with its unique process of satisfying the needs of their customers, it shows that they continually become very effective and most of their customers are really satisfied about the process and how they are being given the right attention by the company as a whole. Particularly in terms of the increasing number of visitors and the continuous huge increase in sales of the company. How are capacity planning, process layout, product/service scheduling, Inventory, and projects, managed in the organization? In order for any company performs not only based from the company’s current needs but also the future and included to those are some unexpected requirements, capacity planning is definitely important.Actually in theory there are three main steps for capacity planning, and these are: (1) compa ny needs to determine service level requirements, (2) the company must analyze current capacity, and lastly, (3) company must plan for the future. For most cases that problem usually is in the second and third. It is because of the reason that most companies usually understand what are the things that they need to do, but the problem is that either they know that they are not capable of performing their assignments but keeps on getting some just for the greediness of getting some just to increase revenues or sometimes there are companies that really doesn’t know what their capacity are, and what happen is that when they actually perform the actual projects then they found out that they are short in resources.Also, there are issues that comes in the third step, where most companies both understand their projects and effectively knows their capacity but still failed due to lack of anticipations or not being ready to instant demand in the market and this eventually resulted to f ailure as well. 6 In terms of process layout, process scheduling, inventory and managing project in the organization, there are only two ways that can mainly classified a company and these are either centralized or decentralized process. Centralized process arises when processes from the different branch or stores of one global company follows the same global process and actually performs the process consistently. While the decentralize process involves an autonomy for each branch to perform their own process, but still follows the top main process.This can also be 6 How to do Capacity Planning, 2007. known today as matrix type of organization. For IKEA it actually performs centralize and decentralize way of operation or the company called it as for-profit and non-profit way of operation. Even though it was originated in Sweden, the company operated in a very unique approach, since it’s main operation is subdivided into two parts: (1)non-profit, and (2) for profit operations, where the latter or the main INGKA Foundation is located in Leiden in the Netherlands. Or in other way of representing it, the company structure may be look into as two different parts and these are: mainly operations and the other one is franchising.Just to segregate the two, majority of the operations which covers management of the majority of its stores worldwide, design and production factories of furniture as well as the purchasing of supplies are done and centrally managed by the INGKA Holdings, which is among the 36 countries it operates it manages the 235 stores worldwide while around 30 remaining stores are managed by the different franchises outside the INGKA Holdings. Also, the INGKA Holdings is not also owned by a single owner or company instead it is owned by Stitching INGKA Foundation which was established by its owner, Kamprad in 1982 and that started the strategy of the company to have applied the company for non-profit organization. This non-profit organization is managed by five members where INGKVAR as Chairman and included as members is his wide and lawyers.With its tax avoidance strategy in 2004, the company profit is taxed and at the same time for the owners, Kamprad and his family cannot get profits directly instead they do collect a portion of its sales from the franchising agreement between them and their partners. But even with these very unique and sometimes classified as complex way of operation by the company, the over-all company that still manages the overall process is again handled by the INGKA Holdings, like in terms of capacity planning, process improvements and others are still in the authority and supervision of the holdings.This only means that even though the company is owned by everal owners in the different countries, still in terms of the over-all operations and processes, the mother company which is the INGKA Holdings is the one manages it. Explain why and how monitoring and evaluation of operations are carried out A s based from the discussion that were presented above regarding how the company globally operates, it only shows that obviously the way the company monitors are also manage by the main company and that is the INGKA Holdings, but for franchisee’s they primarily have the authority to manage their own branch but they need to follow the global IKEA process which is mandated by the Holdings. Even in monitoring the way on how the company’s foundation is also doing is also managed centrally.But, even though this was a strategy that were applied by the company and even though it creates complexity to some since every stores may be under the INGKA Holdings or being managed as franchised, the company as a whole still has provided a well deserve recognition that it deserves to be commended as a company that provides importance to the environment and world change. This is through INGKA’s Foundations, with its focus on innovative interior design and architecture has been rec ognized as the world’s largest charitable institution with a net worth of $33 billion, beating the well known and richest couple in the world Bill and Melinda Gates. But, even though the foundation net worth is huge, it does not reflect the real amount it actually gives or donates unlike its counterpart.This was proven as report in 2005 shows that the company not only focuses in its own home country Sweden, specifically the Lund Institute of Technology with an amount donated of $1. 7 million. This is far low against the donations that Gates Family has given which reaches a huge amount of $1. 5 billion in the same year. Even though the company has been in the forefront of many projects for a cause like the following: (1) A Euro for every toy sold in 2006 for UNICEF which accumulates to 1. 75 million Euros. (2) In the 2005 Tsunami, KEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause. 3) Pakistan Earthquake in 2006, IKEA gave 120,000 blankets. (4) Lastly, it provided furniture for more than 100,000 bridge schools for both India and Liberia. 7 Summary In this paper, it shows that IKEA even though the way it operates seem to be complex and difficult to understand, still the company performs its operation effectively. This is mainly brought about by their unique way of establishing and at the same time satisfying customer needs. With the company’s main focus on developing products that are not only with quality and most of all products that are low in price and added to that the wide variety of designs to choose from has made the company a best choice for customers worldwide.This has also been an effective drive for the company success, because internally, they always focus on how they can think of developing effective production method and highly innovative designs and that gives them better leverage against their competitors worldwide that even franchisers finds complex doing bu siness, still they were enticed with the continuous increase in growth sales of the firm. Recommendations As based from the study there are only two main recommendations that should be focus by the company in order to strengthen the success of the company. First, it is more on establishing a more concrete and straightforward global operations and the second is for the company to increase its support for the charity since that was the main purpose of being a foundation since there was a tremendous criticism that even though that the INGKA Foundation has a huge net worth.