Raccoon

Neil Ms. Parkhurst interpersonal chemistry 10/3/2012 natural law of Conservation of Mass Inquiry laboratory Background In the 19th century, Antoine Lavoisier discovered the equity of Conservation of Mass, the Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemic reactions or physical changes. A Closed System rat non exchange any of heat, work, or matter with the surrounding. An coarse System can exchange all of heat, work, or matter. It allows interactions between its internal elements and the environment. PurposeThe purpose of this lab was to designed and complete a laboratory experiment that proves the law of preservation of mass. Procedure First of all, a flask was taking bug out and change in with 15ml of water. The mass of the flask & water was determined and recorded. Then, an Alka seltzer oral contraceptive pill was filled in the water. After a while, placed the flask & water & Alka Seltzer tablet on to the balance pan , the mass of the whole agreement was determined. This procedure was for the open clay. For the close strategy, a flask was taking out and filled in with 15ml of water.The mass of the flask & water was determined and recorded. Then, an Alka Seltzer tablet was placed in a balloon, and put the balloon on the top of the flask, the Alka Seltzer tablet fell into the water. After the reaction was done, mensurable the mass of it, recorded it into the data table. IV. Data Table Data of Law of Conservation of Mass Mass Open system forrader 126. 3g Open system after 126. 09g Closed system before 143. 65g Closed system after 145. 21g Conclusion and Analysis The mass of the open system before was 126. 53g, and the mass of open system after was 126. 09g. The mass of closed in(p) system before was 143. 65g, after was 145. 21g.Both set of data were close enough to release the law of conservation of mass which is the mass were about the same before and after a reaction. According to th e reaction, which was H2O + NaHCO3 = CO2 + H2O + NaOH, showed that at that place were some gas which was CO2 were produced. According to the law of open and closed system, the CO2 were escaped from the open system, on the other hand, it were keep in the closed system. Because of that, the open system was missing some of the mass of gas, it do the first procedure differ from the second procedure.

Alcoholism results in health problems

inebriation atomic number 50 be described as a psychiatric disorder and nearly fourteen percent of the community suffer from this disorder. Generally this disorder is accompanied by various some other psychological disorders such as anxiety, unstable mental condition and a deviant soulality.Alcoholism settlements in health problems that could result in death and it is ordinarily not identified in the traditional clinics (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).At play, the availability of concealment instruments is of great help in recognizing that problem of drinking, which is known as the pre alcoholic beverageism condition.The mortality rate due to alcohol is estimated at a hundred thousand deaths per annum. more thanover, alcohol clapperclaw accounts for morbidity and mortality. Some of the other disadvantages associated with alcohol corrupt are social and legal problems, violence and accidents (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).Dependence on alcohol is on t he increase and it leads to the squall of alcohol. The problem of alcohol misuse is not restricted only to men but is also present in women. Therefore it can be concluded that the incidence of boozing is increase in society irrespective of the sex of the somebody concerned. Alcoholism starts as a habit in adolescence and forty percent of alcoholics start out it between the ages of fifteen years and nineteen years (Helzer JE, 1991).Alcoholism has been recognized to be more prevalent in males since the number of male alcoholics is more than that of females. However, the inquiry conducted by Oregon Health & Science University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical philia reveals that female alcoholics are more susceptible to undergo damage of the cells in the brain due to alcohol abuse than male alcoholics (Alcohol ill-treat More Likely To Cause Brain Damage In Females, 2007 ).Alcohol controls the central awkward system and acts as a depressant, consequently, the consumption of large amounts of alcohol would result in the inhibition of excitatory centers in the brain. Some of the indications of alcohol abuse are impairment of rational thinking, deprivation of motor coordination in the body, cirrhosis of the liver of the liver, presence of peptic ulcers, gastritis, pancreatitis and carcinoma. A few examples of the cardiovascular effects of the abuse of alcohol are hypertension and cardiomyopathy (Amy Cohagan, 2005 ).Alcohol inhibits neurological activities and results in fringy neuropathy which could lead to ataxia, wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff psychosis and brain damage and dementia. Male alcoholics generally suffer from impotency caused by the deficit of the testosterone hormone, which is inhibited by alcohol.This hormonal deficiency results in testicular atrophy and gynecomastia. In females, fetal alcohol syndrome could occur, which damages the foetus and thus the new born would be at risk of throe from mental retardation, facial deformity and other neurologic problems (Amy Cohagan, 2005 ).Society can interdict alcoholism to a major extent by prohibiting advertisements pertaining to alcoholic beverages and by severely restricting their availability. In addition, physicians can appraise their patients about the pitfalls of devour alcohol (Goodwin).The modern day world is beset with the scourge of alcohol abuse, especially in the developed world. The worst fallout of alcoholism is the increasing addiction in adolescents and young adults, because it engenders an increase in the loss of life. Moreover, avocation accidents increase exponentially due to drunken driving.Doctors, employers, society and a persons family constitute a number of important social groups that can contribute to a major extent in preventing a person from becoming an alcoholic. This is due to the fact that family members have a greater operate and are therefore eminently suited to highlight the dangers inherent in becoming an alcoholic. Moreover, it i s possible for employers to employ economic and compassionate strategies to discourage this malaise.ReferencesAlcohol Abuse More Likely To Cause Brain Damage In Females. ( 2007 , July 30 ). Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/77987.phpAmerican Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association.Amy Cohagan, D. ( 2005 , March 16). Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation. Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic20.htmGoodwin, D. W. (n.d.). struggle the problem. Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hxh&AN=7553701&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-liveHelzer JE, B. A. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. Psychiatric disorders in America the epidemiological catchment area study , smart York Maxwell Macmillan International,81-115.

Curley’s wife in Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men and Sophy Twycott in Hardy’s “The Son’s veto” Essay

It is my belief that Sophy Twycott and Curleys married woman atomic number 18 both same women young, good- beting and oppress in a male dominated society. However, they pull through in very dissimilar environments. They both live and sc atomic number 18 off divergent lives. both(prenominal) writers try to flummox us feel sorrow for their characters. Curleys wife is to a greater extent in control of her destiny, but both women die hard humble, as both writers seem to be interested in the lives of regulation people.both women have been cruelly taunted and show upraged by the in entirelyice of sustenance, and neer achieve their full potential. Curleys wife failed from an early age, as a result of her mother giving no support or encouragement. This is seen when she says A man came with a showbut my mamma utter I couldnt goand having been let down by her dream of guesswork to stardom in Hollywood. This failure causes her to run away and start a consanguinity with Curley, which was doomed from the beginning, as she married out of fear of dying merely instead of love. Due to this, their relationship is simply rife with antagonism. Her beginning with Curley at long furthermost proves to be the end of her.Sophy is also a woman with a story. As with Steinbeck and Curleys wife, brassy is keen to explore the things which are blameless to her, and the things that countervail her in life. Firstly, she is innocent of the misadventure. She was non responsible for what breaked, and has no control everyplace her disability. She is humble, if a little unimportant. She is victimised, and is the star of more cathartic moments and the target of more pathos. at that place are also things against her, such as her unloving family, the rank stigma that she is thrust into, and her symbolically as well as gritty status, symbolic, because she is oppressed and physical because of her bodily handicap.The biggest force opposing Sophy is her password Randolph. The son is insensitive, arrogant and tactlessly ironic he is a mess, imperfect in every way, therefore has no basis on which to cry his mother, to abuse his veto. two women are symbols, standing for their respective social classes and sex. Despite their many similarities, such as the parallel in their environments, they are also contrary women. They are both trapped by and shaped in the pass of fate, but where Sophy is neither critical or self critical, and acts on orders kinda than instinct, Curleys wife is a critic, and does what she wants, when she wants to do it. Sophie is presented as tragic comedy, her life and stopping point inspire pathos, and people mourn her, whereas Curleys wife is still slightly higher in the hierarchy of death than mice and dogs. And all the same when she does die, she dies on board a dirty pup, and when she is found, no pathos is shown, and she is almost immediately left over(p) alone again.Sophy is compliant with wishes of others, whereas Cur leys wife is destructive and wild. brazen-faced establishes a close bond between Sophy and her dream of living with Sam in innocence in the areaside. We get the impression that, had she achieved her dream, her status as a crippled individual would non matter so much to her. Curleys wife is also deprived of her dream, but we feel no kindliness for her, as Steinbeck made no attempt to create pathos for her. Where Sophy is exposit as a,gentle creatureCurleys wife is symbolised by red, the discolour of passion, blood and danger. Curleys wife is a disruptive element on the ranch, whereas Sophy is simple modesty. Hardys presentation of Sophy as a simple, country girl, with a nave frame of mind where life is concerned, her submissiveness and self consciences, make her weak, easily over powered by her son is accurate. Sophy creation shown as middling fastidious is an accurate description of women of his time. Both Sophy and Curleys wife represent much more than what we see of them. Two women represent twain whole generations of oppressed, abused and infirm women. Both women personify rejection. Both are offered opportunities in their youth, Sophy by Sam and Curleys wife by the Hollywood producer. The difference is that, where Sophy rejects Sams offer, Curleys wife accepts, but and so gets rejected by the offer, as she never received her letter,I never did get it.Ill bet my old lady took itSophy is later pragmatic nigh her opportunity. She offers to give up her job for a life with Sam. She regrets non being impulsive or myopic when the opportunity first came along. Curleys wife is somewhat myopic, as she still longs for her dream even though it is dead. In fact, her dream, just like the American dream of owning a foregather of land is polluted and doomed to fail. All dreams, according to Crooks in chapter intravenous feeding of Of Mice And Men are doomed, Ive seen hundreds of guys come and gothey all look for a piece of landno one ever gets itjust like h eaven. Sophys marriage to the vicar is the result of her accident. It is ironic that her accident should happen whilst she is caring for the vicar. She is the most giving of creatures, yet life sees fit to penalize her. We see that life is cruel to her, just as it is to Curleys wife. The accident symbolises the life and stature of C19th women no independence, few opportunities and traditionally oppressed by society. All these phenomenons can also apply to Curleys wife. Both womens lives are shrouded by themes of fate, entrapment. Where Sophy is denied mobility, which in turn takes away her opportunity, Curleys wife is denied the opportunity she feels she deserves, and so we see how the C19th and C20th woman are oppressed and secluded by gender women fail because they are womenMarriage for both characters is forced. Curleys wife marries to spite her mother, and Sophy marries the vicar because the vicar feels a sense of duty and crime towards her. Sophy marries him, not out of love , but because she is timid and expedient. Both authors are scene up romantically dry marriages, which are fated from their depart. My mom said I couldnt goits all her faultI met Curley down at the Riverside dance palace that same nighttimeCurleys wife marries out of spite of her mother and fear of being alone. There is a time difference between the two stories. Hardys The Sons nix, a short story, is sterilise over a period of many years, whereas Steinbecks novel Of Mice And Men, last over a period of only a few weeks. There is also a difference of environments in the two works. Whereas Steinbeck bases his novel in and around the ranch, Hardy bases his story in antithetical settings- the countryside and the inner city. Hardy uses these contrasting changes of environment to imply that image, (the appealing innocence of and the seedy, smoky, industrial swell of London), is more important than character. This is also reliable of Sophy and Curleys wife. Curley marries his wife bec ause of her looks, and the vicar does not marry Sophy due to her (somewhat simple at times) character and intellect. He even educates her to prevent further embarrassment for himTowards the end of Of Mice And Men, Steinbecks voice becomes more present. This is also true of Hardy in The Sons Veto. Another thing that is comparable between our two women is the fact that death in and around their worlds is almost insignificant. In Sophys world, her life does not change even after her husbands death. She is neither more trusted nor richer. She remains looking into society rather than becoming an wide awake part of it. Curleys wifes world is shrouded with death, her own as insignificant as that of mice and dogs. It is somewhat ironic the only time she finds calmness and real beauty is at her own death, and even then, she cannot see her true beauty.She lay half covered in hay, all the meanness and dissatisfy gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and youngBoth women are trapped, seeking release and a better life. However, many different forms of oppression stop them achieving their goals. They are both alone in their worlds, notwithstanding being surrounded by other people. They both have regret, Sophy of not having married Sam and Curleys wife of not having been made famous. Both writers try and make us feel pathos for these two women, by telling us they live miserable lonesome lives, and making them die without having achieved their goals. Both women lost men in their younger life which they think back about. Although the offers were different, both women rejected or got rejected by them In Sophys case, because the offer was not good enough, and in Curleys wifes case, the offer rejected her, as the offer was insincere.To conclude their comparison, there are three main points in which Curleys wife and Sophy differ. Where Sophy is shy and somewhat easily walked over, Curleys wife is very prominent and not at all easy to contro l. Sophy seeks to blend in, where Curleys wife longs to stand out and make a difference. And finally, whereas Sophy is unsure of herself, Curleys wife does not at all lack self- confidence, and volume to make her self heard.

A Timeless Art Essay

The dimmed-Figure neck opening Amphora was attri onlyed to the Affecter in Athens, Greece about 530 B. C. , made of terracotta, with dimension of 5 ? x 10 1/8 inches (The Getty, On-line) This amphora, which utilize to h gaga wine and water in ancient times, was found in a Southern Italy grave invest but because of its distinctive figures and style, it was regarded as one of Athenian masterpieces. Like close to artists, the real name of Affecter is unknown but he left a style of his own.In those years, he worked as potter and vase painter and may have learned his craft from the Amasis Painter, but deviate his approach in the conventional way of potting and painting. During the times when Athenian vase-painters emphasized on the recital content of their work, the Affecter focused on purely decorative aspects that suit the Etruscan esthetic taste. (The Getty On-line). The amphora was m obsolescented on a pottery wheel and dried.The maker varicolored on a film over and carved de signs on its surface and used the red-figure painting method, wherein, after it was fired in a wood furnace, the glaze turned to black and covered the amphora in glaze then erasing part of it to create finer details. (St. Petersburg Times, On-line) The portrayal of the vase is bizarre but remarkable for Athenian potter of that time. Like any others Athenian masterpieces, this vase is made of attic clay with espyed red and black color.For years, historians never decipher the narrative level behind its illustrated dead body but this suits the style of the Affecter who concentrated on enhancive look rather than history behind its times. The vase, though, shows Herakles, now known as Hercules, waving his club, pursuing a centaur, a mythological half horse cavalry half human figure. At the back of the vase, Theseus combats with Minotaur. The Affecter also used the old fashioned neck amphora form wherein the neck is highly defined as Protoattic and ovoid in shape (The Beazley Archiv e On-line).The Affecter modified the vessel, separating the neck and the body by raised rings. Ancient and old fashioned as it is, the Black Figure Neck Amphora is extraordinary with timeless beauty. Its exquisiteness lies on its color and creativity. It is a major consideration that out of clay, two colors will distinguish amphora like this, red and black. And with poise and commitment, the Affecter gave justice to its craft.Using both old fashioned style in creating amphora and adding touch of its modern days, evidenced by adding rings on it, the Affecter is not confined with the conventional way but used his imaginations and skills to enhance its designs. The maker, giving emphasis with Herkales and Theseus greatness rather than exact information of their winnings over battles with barbarians, is a magnificent touch of this dainty craft. It only shows patriotism more than one time glory. It depicts the makers love to its civilization and commemorates it with his trade.It is the prime reason why this kind of amphora is timeless. Presently, it cannot be used as water or wine pot, instead an gild that would house the beauty of Athens, its rich civilizations, its artistic splendor and its two princely heroes. REFERENCES The Getty. The J. Paul Getty Trust. 21 August 2008 http//www. getty. edu Tampabay. com. St. Petersburg Times. 21 August 2008 http//www. tampabay. com The Beazly Archive classic Art Research Center . 28 February 2008. University of Oxford. 21 August 2008 http//www. beazley. ox. ac. uk/index. htm

Differences Between the Movie and Play: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

There be key differences and similarities between the wanton Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and its movie equivalent. Major differences would overwhelm the character Maggie, the possible homosexual relationship between Brick and master, and the reason for Maggies detestation for Skipper. Similarities include most of the cast, the over tout ensemble plot, and the bitterness that the family seems to not so secretly hold for distributively other. The character Maggie in the play random variable and in the movie version differs.In the play she admits to sleeping with Skipper so that some(prenominal) of them could be closer to Brick, so that both of them could feel comparable they were making love with Brick. But in the movie Maggie denies and apparently never had relations with Skipper. With this being said, in the play version Bricks hostility for Maggie seems much more unjustified. Also, Maggie was the one to tell Brick of his becomes final stage illness in the movie version. This jo b had been left to the doctor in the play version.A second difference between the movie and play would be the possibility of a homosexual relationship or homosexual feelings between Brick and Skipper. In the 1950s, when the movie was produced, it was unheard of to ready any form of queerness in a production. This is a astronomical difference because it leads to Brick not unavoidably being weak because of the loss of a could be homosexual accomplice/friend but being weak because of the lack of love and benignity he received from great Daddy. This leads to more drama between Brick and his father in the movie version.With the previous being stated there has to be a difference for the distaste between Maggie and Skipper. In the movie, Maggie apparently never had relations with Skipper and the only reason she had for disliking Skipper was the time that he took from her and Brick. She felt that as a young married couple that Brick and Skipper spent far too much time together, time that Brick could be spending with her. Though there are many differences between the play and movie (this is usually the case when it comes to Hollywood) there still are around important similarities between the two.The cast, with the exception of Maggie, are mostly unchanged. Bricks drunkenness and the pain he feels after losing a dear friend, Gooper is hell solidification on getting Big Daddys plantation, Mae is still a very easily dislike character who seems to be constantly giving birth babies. , Big Momma is full of love and wants nothing more than to have one big happy family, and Big Daddy is still safekeeping together the family for what seems to be the wrong reasons. The overall plot also seems to be unchanged.It starts the same, introducing with hidden distaste between members of the family and not so hidden distaste that Brick feels towards Maggie. Big Daddys terminal illness, Gooper and Mae being hell dead set(p) on getting what the believe should be coming to them , and the end all seem to be unchanged either way you look at it. Though it has been mentioned more than once before, it is important to notice a big part of both the play version and movie. That is the distaste that the family feel for each other.The feelings Brick has for Maggie, that Maggie has towards Mae and her children and vice versa, the way Gooper feels about Brick, and the way Big Daddy feels towards Big Momma are unchanging. In either, the family is completely separated and out for themselves. severally one, in their own way, are only out for themselves. With any relation between a play and its movie counterpart there are bound to be major differences and key similarities between the two. In this case, both the play and the movie were spectacular for the same and different reasons.

Tweet Less, Kiss More

Techno Tyranny Bob Herbert explains in his article Tweet Less, Kiss More (published July 16th, 2010) how engine room has grown so oft successions throughout the years and how we have made to a greater extent period for our gadgets than for state close to us. Instead of being with our families and friends we send them a quick email or text message when we should be cherishing moments together. We ar so falsify in our own lives and blinded by technology that we are absentminded out on the real world and wasting precious time we cannot get back.These days we cant seem to take ourselves out-of-door from a computer for less than a day or military campaign to and from the grocery store without sending a text or art a friend while on the road. Were tweeting our private lives on the internet but wont take time to be with our families. Cell phones have only been introduced to globe recently and weve survived without them for decades, so wherefore cant we manage to walk out the d oor without them at once?The advances in technology over the past few years are incredible, and all very convenient, but as Herbert described it, The blessed wonders of technology are overwhelming us. We dont control them they control us. These divers(prenominal) means of communication are beginning to tear relationships and friendships apart. More and more people are revealing their personal feelings behind computer screens and determination themselves unable to do so face-to-face. More and more romances are started and stop through texting. Chat rooms are being created for meeting others and head start long distance relationships.Children and adults are struggling more with public mouth and are experiencing anxiety due to relying on keyboards instead of verbal communication. With humans relying more and more on technology, we are wasting valuable time communicating through electronics and affecting our relationships with others by trying to sustain them through texting or in stant messaging. Its time for humans to put their cellular phone phones away, close their laptop screens and Tweet Less, Kiss More. Submitted by Olivia Gowan go through July 28th, 2010

Buying a Laptop

There are numerous things to consider when making any large purchase. It is genuinely important to give up an understanding of the product you wish to purchase, as well as a realistic estimate of how much you are willing to spend. I confine recently been doing research about nonebook data processors, and fuddle visited many websites to reckon the pros and cons of different brands. Ultimately, I am looking for a computer that is the exceed value for what I acquire. Since I like to play games and watch movies, I want a computer with specific features. However, given that I am a student, I encounter limited funds unattached.I approached this endeavor with an foretaste of spending about $1,300 forrader tax. The most important features that I need are a fast processor, a lot of memory, and a corking graphics card. All three components are essential to both gambol and watching DVDs. Portability is non really an issue for me, since I do not intend to carry it around too of ten. Given this fact, I am able to get a larger screen, which is a great for the purposes I need the computer for. My first inclination was to try discount websites, in the main because I anticipated lower prices.I first visited www. tigerdirect. com and viewed some of their portable computers. in the beginning I started to get approximate costs, I decided to view the customer service section of their website. I was immediately concerned with their 15% restocking lean for returns. I dont like the idea of losing money if the product doesnt work out. I also briefly entertained the idea of purchasing a computer from e-Bay. However, I decided against that since there is not much recourse if a product turns out to be misrepresented or has issues.I then moody to www. walmart. com, and looked at what they had to offer. I like the idea of being able to go into my local cut in to physically see what the computers look like. Also, they carry a range of brands. Upon further examination, I discovered that the only 17 portables available were made by HP. I looked at the HP Pavilion DV9005US it has an AMD processor, which I am not particularly fond of. However, I am very impressed with the 1 GB of memory, as well as the carbon GB overweight drive. It also has a great graphics card. It has a 17 LCD monitor.The price with a 3 course of study warranty was about $1,200 before tax, which is certainly within my budget. However, since accidental damage is not covered I was a little leery. Next, I tried www. dell. com. I enjoyed being able to customize my own computer. The model that really caught my concern was the Inspiron E1705. The computer I configured has a Intel Duo processor, which I would take over the AMD, 1 GB of memory and an 80 GB hard drive. I am not concerned by the slightly smaller hard drive because I terminate always use the CD-RW to store data.It also has a 17 monitor. What really pleased me was the 3 year warranty-which includes accidental damage It is slightly over my original budget though. forward tax, the total is $1,386. The overage is of course, less than $100. So, after careful consideration, I have decided that the Dell computer offers me a better value for my money. crimson though it is more expensive, the accidental damage insurance means that I can properly protect my investment. I hope to never need it, but it is nice to know that if something does happen to it I can have it repaired.Another big factor in my decision is the fact that Dell is a reputable company. I know people who have Dell computers, and they be very satisfied. I also like the fact that I can return the computer if I decide I dont like it, which makes up for not actually being able to see the computer before I buy it. Works CitedElectronics Laptop Computers. Walmart. 18 November 2006. http// www. walmart. com/ retchalog/catalog. gsp? cat=4070&fromPageCatId=3951&catNavI d=3951Home Page. Dell. 18 November 2006. Home Page. Tiger Direct. 18 Novembe r 2006.

Hobbes: Human Nature and Political Philosophy Essay

Thomas Hobbes writes in his 1651 masterpiece Leviathan of his interpretations of the inherent qualities of mankind, and the covenants through which they get by in order to secure a peaceful existence. His book is divided up up into two separate sections Of Man, in which Hobbes describes characteristics of creation coexisting with show up the justification of a superior earthly authority, and Of Commonwealth, which explains how tenders trapped in that primordial ? domain of personality may escape and, through agreements, be equal to(p) to live peaceably among one another without fear of unjust actions cosmos taken against them.I too entrust discuss these elements of society as Hobbes intended them to be, with special emphasis on how sympathetic genius play a role in determining most of Hobbes basis for his regimenal theories. In the introduction to Leviathan, Hobbes casts a highly mechanized notion of humans by theorizing that they argon simply a motion of limbs and si mple machines that come together to take a crap a living, breathing, lay downing human.For what is the heart, but a reverberate and the nerves, but so umteen strings and the joints, but so many wheels, giving motion to the whole organic structure, such as was intended by the Artificer? (Leviathan, Introduction) Although this is a depiction of how Hobbes views the dynamics of the human body, he contends that human actions take a leak in a similar, mechanistic way. According to the text, specific wants and appetites produce within the human body and be experienced as discomforts or pains (or to be more general, degrees of happiness or sadness) which must be overcome.Thus, each person is geared to act in such ship canal as we believe likely to relieve our discomfort, to preserve and promote our hurt got well-being. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch. 6) Thus, basic every(prenominal)y everything we decide to do is determined by a natural desire to avoid things that give our bodies negati ve feedback responses, and the opposite for things which our body tells us is good. Essentially, in this aspect Hobbes asserts that human decisions in this environment are guided provided by our strongest desires at that given cartridge holder and place. The report being introduced here is pivotal.It is the notion of self-preservation that in a state of nature in which in that location is no rule of law, and each man answers further to himself, mess will do (an are full entitled to do) anything they take for necessary to further their suffer existence. This animalistic view of human interaction yields Hobbes to conclude that each person (or grouping, such as a family) lives one by one from every other person or group, and acts in their own self-concern without regard for others. Hobbes calls this a state of war, in which life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch.13)Hobbes later identifies three main causes of combat in the state of nature which prevent man from entering into peace with one another. The first is competition, which springs people invade for their personal gain. The second is diffidence (distrust) which makes people invade out of fear a mutual sense of insecurity forces one to visit an attack from someone they cannot trust (who likewise feels the same way), so pre-emptive measures are taken. This makes sense because one renders it better to be a surprisor, and not a surprisee, since being surprised meant an almost certain death.The last cause of conflict is glory, which makes people invade others for their own merit. Knowing these sources of problems, Hobbes then declares Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch. 13) Therefore, at this point it is preventive to conclude that human nature in this sense is essentially at rocious and evil.However, assuming that all humans are coherent individuals, Hobbes believes that mankind would course want to escape this hellish state of existence and live under agreements that ensure the rational causes of quarrel could be avoided (albeit the third cause of quarrel, glory, is tell as an irrational cause of conflict). By establishing a commonwealth, contends Hobbes, we essentially off the structural causes of conflict and foster the conditions for humankind to prosper under its own benevolence through mutually beneficial agreements. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch.14)Although Hobbes had indicated that the state of nature is horrific, he acknowledges the counter-argument that people might not want to leave it because they would have to surrender certain rights granted to them solely while in the state of nature. But Hobbes response is rather simple for it is the foresight of their own preservation, and of a more contented life thereby that is to say, of getting themselve s out from that condemnable condition of war which is necessarily consequent, as hath been shown, to the natural passions of men when there is no visible power to keep them in awe, and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their covenants. (Leviathan, Pt. 2 Ch. 17)What he is saying is that rational individuals would understand that life under a common authority would reserve for better means of self-preservation, because it creates an entity that can punish people who do not play by the game fairly. Also, people would be unable to assert on their individual autonomous powers in the effort to secure financial backing and happiness. Hobbes calls the necessary central authority the Sovereign (the institutional embodiment of an keen government), and those over whom it presides are the Subjects.Thus, Hobbes perception of human nature led him to wax his vision of an ideal form of rule that would govern these autonomous individuals. He believed that a supreme power w as required to keep men united, who would work to maintain the peace among the people as well as comfort them from foreign enemies. The people would have to make an agreement among themselves to all incline to this ruler. The people would then submit their wills to the will of their ruler who would in frolic assure their self-preservation, giving the ruler absolute control over his or her subjects.Assuming the people all do submit to this higher authority, the side by side(p) step is determining the most appropriate form this supreme entity must undertake. Hobbes offers three examples of governance in the text a monarchy, an aristocracy, and a democracy. Although the main(a) can be a legislature or an assembly of citizens or a monarch, claims Hobbes, the commonwealth will run smoothest under a inherited monarch, which to the reader sounds like an unusual choice given all the conditions of human nature previously mentioned.Hobbes defends this notion though, by explaining that i nvesting power in a single person who can choose advisors and rule systematically without fear of internal conflicts yields the best fulfillment of our social needs. (Leviathan, Pt. II Ch. 19) With a hereditary monarch there is hardly any internal conflict, whereas in a democracy, aristocracy, or any other assembly of citizens there is uninterrupted conflict among individuals trying to advance their own private agendas. Logistically, Hobbes says the sovereign will exercise its authority over its subjects in the form of civil laws that are either decreed or implicitly accepted.(Leviathan, Pt. II Ch. 26) Those who violate the laws pass on down will be appropriately punished by the sovereign authority. The end result of it all is the creation of the actual Leviathan biblically, a absurd sea creature, but in Hobbes scope, it was a metaphor for a fully functioning, healthy society. Just as he previously used references to the mechanistic view of how man functions to further explain t he conditions of how humankind and society work in general, Hobbes employs the use of metaphor to tie it all together.Imagine the sovereign ruler as literally the head of a man, not only the point at which the ideals of the society are created, but the commander of the equaliser of the body. The hands and limbs are the administrators of the law, whoever they may be under the various examples of government Hobbes previously offered. The subjects of the sovereign are the cells of the body that basically construct it and make it what it is, and allow for everything else to take place. Theres no doubt that Hobbes view on human nature shaped the way his political theories were formed.His works were, and still are highly influential to political philosophers that followed after him, which allowed for further, more concise theories to be generated and debated. And despite the shortcomings of some of Hobbes philosophies (such as the feasibility of instal such a government under the premi ses offered), his work was new for its time and laid the foundation on which other later noteworthy philosophers built their political ideologies.

Filter Innovations Inc Case

2008 can buoy Dragasevich (president), teensy urine filtration company based out of Toronto, Ontario, considering expansion, increasingly harsh regulations on wastewater management implemented by goernment, invest in refreshful engineering (tissue layer biological reactors)? Industry increased beg for water and water doment, trend expected to continue market projections secureing $348 one trillion million million contend growing for safe drinking water in growth countries sustainability challenges and advancements in environmental regulation result in growth of demand for higher water intercession standards 2008, 1. meg without drinking water, 2. 4 zillion not connected to wastewater systems 40% projected increase in water consumption by 2025, 1/3 of world race affected by water shortage in Canada, more than $2 billion in gross gross sales big(a)st consumers municipalities, both mathematical products and run significant parting of market industria l Competition dominated by 2 large mutli-national companies ( Siemens water tech and Zenon membrane solutions) aspiration targeted large drug users of filtration systems (corporation and municipalities) requiring over 1 million litres/day Siemens 2. million in tax revenue, 6000 employees (150 R&D), serve more than 90% of fortune 500 manufacturing companies, around 100,000 industrial consumers, parent company Siemens AG over 100 billion electronics and engineering company in over 190 countries with 428,000 people, leader in innovation Zenon owned by GE, provided a complete range of filtration processes, offered broadest product line in assiduity, over 100 years of experience, over 300,000 employees in over 100 countries, publically traded with 18 million in revenue smaller competitors, vary in niche market, offer sales and house on a specific type of filtration and treatment product purlieu have to recreate provincial regulations based on standards set by federal legis lation some environmental legislation conductd wastewater treatment discharge limits for sewer use, storm sewers, and groundwater seepage limits vary regionally wastewater dumped for use of a fertilizer must be tempered stricter legislation raising environmental standards required by companies many companies require certificate of praise from ministry of environment and energy, validating compliance with all guidelines strive Innovations Inc dragasevich studied marine biology, worked for major provider of filter presses in NA extensive experience in industrial process and environmental products, sales manager with GAF (industry leader for filter vessels and bag filters) 1992, founded Filter Innovations Company small industrial water filtration company identifies and supplies treatment solutions for groundwater, wastewater, process water and way evaluated clients needs and design appropriate system to welcome need, develop and build system, install it, oversee it regu larly, offer product harbour supplies wide range of environmental products to support filtration systems goal prioritize social and environmental responsibilities at all times to ensure that actions positively enamour both the community and environment ongoing R&D tuition of new technologies for new products and systems weighty to be accepted as be at forefront of the leading engineering science employs 14 people, sales representatives, engineering engineers & technicians, administrative staff alliance with firms acting as distri preciselyors of its products and systems across NA with few sales in Europe and SA serves 500 clients, FII equipment operational in over 1500 business sites 80% sales in Canada, 15% sales in US, 5% sales outside of NA wants to be recognized as primary supplier of environmental equipment and products, offers simple, innovative solutions for air and water treatment wants to be one-stop shop for all filtration needs, offering timely and cost-e fficient solutions Calco Group 2006, FII purchased by CEG (identifies and acquires environmental companies that were leading suppliers of its specific products) membership with Calco allowed companies to dower resources, networks, and knowledge MLE (groundwater remediation) offers similar products as FII MLE benefit from sales expertise FII sufficient to capitalize on MLE strong manufacturing pore Operations high focus on sales/technical knowledge high customer-centric outlook flexibility in meeting needs of customer key to success odd/comprehensive business structure (engineering, manufacturing, and distributing of various filtration products and systems commodity products in memorial for quick sale (filter media, off-the-shelf filtration units), other products ordered from suppliers as postulate (keep schedule investments and storage be low) advantageous membership with CEG and strong supplier networks customized systems engage in collaborative design efforts with clients and engineers once designed, system construct by manufacturing alliances then installed and supported by FII offers rental and leasing option trinity types interested in this those who want to test a system onwards purchase, those who need it for a specific time period only, and those who want to finance system through regular instalment concedements Sales about 65% of revenues from sale of individual products customized products represent 35% of sales Consumers 2 intellectual for demand companies pollute above regulated level obligated to revoke environmental penalties companies recognize opportunity to save money by alter/recycling wastewater by reducing disposal costs demand ranges from short-term, quick- buy off to long-term consultation/installation (ongoing monitoring and support) tend to focus on projects requiring less that 1 million litres/day able to provide personalise support larger companies dont find these projects profitable, less competition cus tomers in 2 equal groups environmental consulting companies/distributors on behalf of their clients end users (buy forecast from FII) Environmental consultants analyse clients wastewater treatment needs, recommend solution and swear out implement it after assessing need, issue request for RFP from each vendor, use industry expertise to recommend best option for client End user no internal capability, FII identify needs, build custom solution to fix problem (incorporating restrictions) if commodity products much more price sensitive necessitate vendor with lowest price, for custom products price less of a business and willing to pay learn through tradeshows, advertising, word-of-mouth, and industry character MBR new, stricter political relation regulations meant that companys existing wastewater treatment designs did not meet new guidelines faced with decision of whether to expand into MBR market MBR new technology for wastewater treatment, allow for water re-use different application than FII MBR designed to treat biological wastewater, predict that MBR system will be used to give reverse osmosis to make water safe for portable water consumption Europe leading in development currently best environmental option FII would benefit from MBR sales and mod knowhow/expertise with respect to manufacturing, engineering, building, and financial backing new systems Potential Customer base MBR system would be important factor for FIIs profitability treating wastewater under 10,000 litres/day kernel government approval to pass building code testing costs (one time) $200,000 over that volume company only needs certificate of approval available at no cost as customer would pay fee based on percentage of system cost FII timorous of competition, FII need to target and seek out contracts that would be profitable but not attractive to large competitors MBR competition Sanitherm (subsidiary of Peak energy services based in western Canada and direct competiti on with FII, provides turnkey solutions, built, installed and fit various products/systems, hold 3% of MBR market, sold water and wastewater treatment systems globally) Enviroquip (division of Eimco Water Technologies, hold 30% of MBR market share in NA, operates in Texas, specializes in design and manufacturing, offers full range of equipment for water pollution control, advanced waste treatment, water treatment and sludge handling) Potential Expansion reputation with MBR will take a while to build, expect sales to be minimal to start but will grow sales could reach a high of $500,000 (before installation) in 1st year, reaching several million in following years additional revenues (half of each system) for installation paid at beginning with allowance of 90 days COGS MBR cost mean(a) of 35% f system sale (20% for membrane and 80% for fabrication) membrane purchase from supplier (SGR AQUIRIS in Europe), minimum start-up membrane inventory of $25,000 on hand and had to pay c ash upon receipt fabrication components bought from member of Calco, extensive credit terms and alwys paid in 60 day, transportation paid for by FII and cost 5% of COGS Other Expenses need to hire technology expert ($48,000), and support person ($38,000) dragsevich and other managers have to co-ordinate with suppliers and customers to monitor new business in terms of R&D 20% of time spent on MBRs ($30,000) more space needed for inventory and personnel, operates in facility that allows for lease of additional adjacent units for expansion $2,250/ month/unit utility $180/month important to brand itself by rights to gain recognition as reliable supplier of MBR business aforethought(ip) an additional $6,400 annually MBR marketing need to purchase software clay sculpture program for $18,000, beneficial for 3 years and amortized using straight-line with zero spare value paid for advertising, attends tradeshows, provided articles 25% of costs would directly relate to new MBR busin ess plan to subscribe to various publications, advertise and attend tradeshows that specialize in MBR if sales reached 1 million would need to hire s MBR sales manager ($70,000) Conclusion is it right time to get into MBR? saucy investment? Sales projection may be overly upbeat and it could vary highly depending on ability to brand itself

Differences Between Associate Degree Nurse and Baccalaureate Degree Nurse

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ASSOCIATE class NURSE AND BACCALAUREATE DEGREE NURSE There are several(prenominal) benefits of having a baccalaureate-degree (BSN) over the associates degree (ADN). In this essay, I bequeath discuss how effective communication stack be further developed when obtaining the BSN. Next, I will talk about how a BSN squirt create a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Lastly, it will be explained that getting a BSN will create weaken passage and high discipline opportunities.EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONCommunication is central to hu gentleman interaction. Without it, nation cannot relate to those around them, fasten their needs and concerns known or make sense of what is happening to them. One of the most basic goals for nursing supply is that their forbearing roles and clients and those who thrill for them experience effective communication, (Wallis, 2011, p. 35). Effective communication can be further developed by obtaining a BSN and can in conclusion lead you to be a better moderate, leader, and professional. Being a prevail of any train, you are communicating important information regarding the patient. If your report is not thorough, you may miss vital pieces of information pertaining to your patients care. It will build a more trusting relationship between your patients, co-workers and supervisors.HIGHLY QUALIFIED NURSING WORKFORCEBSN level nurses will provide a better program than the ADN level nurses with their maturation level of precise thinking and using evidence based practice. The American Association of Col subdivisiones of Nursing (AACN), the national voice for baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs, believes that education has a significant impact on the knowledge and competencies of the nurse clinician, as it does for all healthcare providers (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 1). The BSN ontogenys knowledge in psychology, science, sociology, and management. The BSN applies the knowledge that they ca-ca learned. Wi th the increase of knowledge in management, they will be able to grade and organize the workload of the patients.With the increase of science they will have a better understanding of how the body works and use circumstantial care assessments of the patient with evidence based practice. This will improve patient natural rubber and the care of the patient. The BSN nurses will be more educated in the differences in patients culture and way of thinking due totheir increase in psychology and sociology. BSN level will have better outcomes for the patient thus leading to reject mortality rates. In the October 2012 issue of medical exam Care, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania found that surgical patients in Magnet hospitals had 14% lower odds of inpatient death within 30 days, and 12% lower odds of failure-to-rescue compared with patients cared for in non-Magnet hospitals.The study authors conclude that these better outcomes were attributed in enlarged part to investment s in highly qualified and educated nurses, including a higher proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 1). As an example of a patient care situation, two men came into the ER with gunshot wounds, one to the leg and the other to the abdomen. The ADN nurse went straight to the man with the abdomen gunshot, not noticing the man with a gunshot wound to the leg was not breathing. The bullet had dispatch his popliteal artery therefore he had lost too some(prenominal) blood to survive. The nurse should have done her quick assessment correctly as evidence based practice has aimn. This goes to show that using critical care thinking and evidence based theory not totally end in better outcomes but also can saves patients lives.HIGHER study OPPORTUNITIESA BSN degree is essential if you want to move to a leadinghip or management role. Leadership skills are essential when you are a mission nurse, on a committee or in administration. A BSN education will provide yo u with confidence to excel in these settings. The nations Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013. Settings applying for Magnet designation must also show what plans are in place to achieve the IOM recommendation of having an 80% baccalaureate prepared RN workforce by 2020 (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 3). One more avail of baccalaureate-degree program is that it is a bridge for masters degree level.CONCLUSIONBSN level nurses will provide a better program than the ADN level nurses. fine thinking, communication, and leading are imperative to the nursing career. Professionalism, ethical decision making, accountability, critical thinking, and effective communication are emphasized. This is achievedthrough the application of liberal liberal arts constructs, science, health and nursing theories, and the values of the Chris tian faith within the range of a function of nursing knowledge and evidence-based practice (Philosophy, p. 1). Education is the key for success and better outcome of patients.

A Reflective Writing

Student life is one of the most beautiful experiences ever. umpteen things not learned in the home, in the dissembleplace and within the region argon wholly enjoyed and encountered in school.One thing is worth mentioning, I could not have appreciated the beauty and exquisiteness of life as a disciple without the tedious requirements, blunders in the course of the performance of all those required of us and achievements at the end of the day. Here are some worth-mentioning experiences and are worth-sharing.Practicum IV was very challenging. I had it with College Champigne. Expectations I had with the school and with the students were high. I had to prepare as much as I could to meet the standards. The students were in their high school, move on grade 2 level.At the beginning of my teaching experience, I made convinced(predicate) to encourage the spend of plain side as a manner of communication, either with me or with their classmates. I introduced L2 standard of teaching thin king that all students having reached such level are capable of performing in that level.To my despair, I noticed that immediately utilizing L2 standard poses difficulty in the students. Evaluation conducted yielded broken in result in the students performance. With this observation, I had to adjust my manner of teaching.Some performed low, so I had to get back to L1 to be able to cope with the needs and the efficacy of the students. In responding to this problem, I overly talked with the students personally. I had to know their individual difficulties so I may be able to apply the best rule suitable for all of them, without disregarding some students behind. This, for me, is the essence of a teacher as a critic and interpreter of knowledgeNevertheless, constant communication is English had been the policy. Consistency and insistent use of the language, I believe, etched in the minds of the students the valuate of learning English and the use of it in day to day life. I made su re to be a model in the use of the language myself otherwise, the student would not have the encouragement to use the aforesaid(prenominal).I knowing strategies suitable to all 38 students. First thing to note is that as a teacher, I should have a positive mind in all the undertakings. In some activities, I make sure that twain oral and write practices are applied. In the grammar portion, I asked the students to read a fairy tale, for example. The story is read orally, the students also had some group fit wherein they are able to share their opinions and thoughts on the story.After the oral activity is the written one. In the discussion on verb tenses for instance, the students are asked to fill out the blanks of the enamor verb tense. They also had home works to work on. With the aid of fairy tales also, the students are able to make plot diagrams to assist them in their group discussion. Students who chose the same fairy tale are grouped together.Moreover, the students are a sked to make dead body biography of the characters of the story assigned. This enables them to relate the story to the class the next day. This also enables them relive the story during the course of the discussion. Each group is to make a body biography and relate the same to the class. They also had jigsaw variation and the readers theater. The latter made use of a image where they had to make the editing themselves.All these involve the participation of everyone, enhancing the confidence of the students as they work with their peers.

Buka culture, Oceania

Residents of Bukas atomic number 18 c all tolded Buka after the island and though no English definition of the word finish be put it al around presum adequate originated from a Malaysian word. Foreigners refer to the people as Bukas but in the country they be know by their clans. It idler be imitation that there ar rude names that names utilise for prise within the different inhabitants but I harbor a disembodied spirit that to learn those one must actually visit the island. 2- The Buka reside on Buka Island, Bougainville Province, in Papua New Guinea.Buka Island itself is separated from Bougainville by Buka Pass get along, a swift menstruum sea channel. in that respect atomic number 18 five small inhabited islands found turned of the west coast. The east coast of the island has umpteen cliffs as it is defenseless from the ocean wind. The west coast has the Richard Parkinson Range, with its highest peak, Mt. Bei which is 458 meters high. The entire island is surr ounded by precious coral reef rings, with gargantuan lagoons on the west coast.3- There argon twain distinct languages intercommunicate on Buka, though with dialects there ar to the highest degree 4 different languages, Hanahan Halia is spoken along the east coast, Haku is spoken in the north coast villages, Selau a dialect of Halia is spoken in the Bougainville peninsula, and Solos is spoken within the North Bougainvillean Austronesian families. Halia and Haku speakers corporation easily understand to each one different, with Selau being there roughly(prenominal) distant dialect. However Solos and Halia speakers do have difficulty understanding each other.Tok Pi fumble is as well as wontd as a lingua franca amid the three different dialects and this language is spoken passim Papua New Guinea. All of these languages atomic number 18 part of the North Bougainvillean Austronesian languages which can be traced back to South China and Formosa. There is a book place div ision between the south and north of this island primary(prenominal)ly dealing with those that immigrated to these areas. 4- almost firmness of purposes are villages and hamlets. The island itself is divided up into five electorates, the pewit, Halia, Hagogohoe, Tsitalato and the Haku.These areas are connected by limit paths and through swap partners. These villages would move and change dep expirying on the weather and with cutting alliances or reorganizations of clans. Some of the first t testifys grew around missions and near airstrips or by good harbours. This area did non have much European settlement until after WWII so there is still much of the tralatitious aliveness present. The main town, besides called the capital, is located on Buka Passage and on most maps is still labelled Chinatown. The family- household is still the basic social unit and can consist of many coevalss.The most important buildings in the villages are the tsuhana. Funerals, reconciliations, m emorials and feasts are all held at the tsuhana, and the building for the tsuhana is quite elaborate as a pig must be sacrificed for each step of the construction. Town are the center of commerce and then reach out to the nearest villages. There are not many roads and ships and air travel are needed to reach certain areas. Due to the geography much of the internal island is not populated. Currently at the capital there is to a greater extent ripe buildings arrived as the settlement has grown to incorporate businesses and some tourism.This urban Mecca contains representatives for banks, the governing and agricultural businesses as well as some resorts on the beach. 5 Buka houses contain many generations, as many of three. One type of house reinforced in this area is do of silt. Silt houses last between 20 and 30 years and are constructed above the ground to brook for the high tide. These houses are quite large and require about 20 men to set the posts (the foundation) of the ho use. There are also traditional houses made of wood, huts made of woven reeds and roofs that are thatched with hay. Almost all houses are built up on stilts.If no paint is used then most house are a brown or beige colour, as paint is a big upkeep because it has to be reapplied so oft time due to the humidity. 6 Bukas economics are mainly based off of agricultural, as the sweet potato is a main staple in the villages not unless for food but also to trade. Copra and cocoa are cash crops and there is some small amount of money to be made in spices and vanilla. Other habitual crops are breadfruit, yams, taro, rice, bananas, mango, coconuts and other fruits. umteen animals have been domesticated for food and birds, marsupials, cassowaries and turtles are hunted for their meat.Tea is drunk passim the solar day. There is also a substantial amount of fishing make and aggregation shellfish as most villages are very near to the coast. Many families keep chickens and pigs those pigs a re considered to be very important and only used for rituals and formal occasions. A lot of time is spent collecting urine as fresh water is in short supply. tourism has slowly sprung up on the island allowing for some small change sin income though moist businesses found in the main city along the Burka Passage all deal with agriculture products.Most villagers produce their own food and townspeople may have their own garden or they trade with village women who sell their produce at markets. Small trade stores supple kerosene lanterns, matches, blankets, clothing, soap, tinned fish, tea, sugar and rice eyepatch large urban supermarkets import expensive food items and other products. There is also some work in the gold mining and oil persistence though most industry is horticultural. 7 The political system in Buka is based off of chiefs though some(prenominal) men and women can be chiefs.These chiefs then build alliances and trade routes with other chiefs and clans. Most authori ty positions are inherited and chieftainships, called tsuono, though many times this heredity is ignored. The tsunono represents the interests of their clan. Each tsuono pull up stakes look over about 20 families though many tsunono clans can come together under the tsunono mal, of a superior clan. The most mesomorphic of all the chiefs, the munihil, is put forth or elected by the tsunono, and has cater over clans of a moiety fall apart.(Moiety classes are associated with prestige, with Nakaripa and Naboen being high class and Nakas and Natasi of lower class. ) Moiety class is important for resolving conflicts and organizing authority. Women can also be chiefs but they are looked on as sacred objects held with dandy respect. Though ever since the Bougainville civil war women have become more big in leadership roles. Those that want to participate in higher politics within the Papua New Guinea government must be very wealthy and use the traditional campaigning methods much of popular politics does not exist throughout Buka.8 Kinship terminology is Hawaiian and descent in is matrilineal. Most newlyweds tend to live with their maternal relatives at first but lead move to the wifes indispensable land as children technically belong to the wifes clan. So under this kinship all feminines in the parents generation are referred to as mothers and all males in the parental generation are fathers. All brothers and male cousins are referred to as brother and all sisters and female cousins are called sister. 9 There are two types of man and wife offered in Buka that are clearly described in the marriage act of 1963.Customary marriage is where the individuals follow the customs of their tribes and you do not need any validation of marriage beyond those of the traditional custom, though the definition of a innate of automatic citizen is not very clear. The extended family is very important to the constitution of the marriage, husbands may have several wifes an d the husband or husbands family must pay the bride price. Once they are of age men and women go past time in supervised courtship sessions. Exogamy is a must and women marry outside of their clans most of the time.Is a women is unhappy then she is able to leave her husband, get divorced and return back to her clan. A statutory marriage must be performed by a district officers, Registrars or ministers of Religion or anyone else that has authority from the government. Marriages must have seven day notice, and all participants must be over 21 years of age unless they have their parents consent. The ceremony must have two witnesses and you lead pay off a marriage certificate. 10 Both men and women are pertain with horticulture though there is still a clear division of confinement as well as payment.Men will clear the forest so that the women can plant gardens and keep the pigs. The crops and cash crops are planted and tended by men, banana, sugarcane, cocoa and coffee and though the women will help to pick these crops the volume of the money is given to the men. Women do all of the cooking though both the men and women will look after the children. In towns and large villages the women take car of the domestic chores and child care while the husbands are at work. If a woman has a job then one of her family will take care of the chores.Women have begun to take part in mens jobs though they deal with a lot of prejudice and harassment, while men that do traditional womens work are stigmatized. Females are very important to building authority as the participate in female exchange event and redeem matrilineage lands. The men with the most power have achieved it only with the help of his female relatives. As times change women are slowly redefining their roles though there are not many job opportunities for them. 11 Current religious beliefs are Christians divided between Roman Catholics and Methodists.There has been a lot of assimilation of indigenous and Chri stian beliefs ad God is called Sunahan. Sunahan is a creator figure from Buka tradition. Traditionally Buka devotion focused around keeping good relationships between the living and the invigorate of the dead, including the spirits that inhabit all named geographical features such as pools of water and large rocks. Spirits can impart positive and negative attitudes and they are all powerful. Spirits are important for success in fighting, horticulture and all things sexual.Bukas communicate with spirits using fire mainly to celebrate funerals. afferent is also believed in and there are two kinds of sorcery, one that is used by the chief to punish transgressors and contemporary sorcery which is secret and is illegal, it was survey to have been brought in from outside of Buka. IN current society most people still have knowledge of sorcery and use spells to promote, healing, gardening, interrupt minor illnesses and to bring about love. Most rituals focus on health and fertility an d focus in maturation and future success of those participating.Initiates will find their spirit guide that will help them in their life. Bukas use both traditional and western medicate to overcome illnesses. Western medicine is used to deal with symptoms while traditional methods are used to issue the cultural cause of the illness. There is a hospital in the main city, though most villages will have a mid-wife or other lightly trained women to deal with medical issues. There is not many medical trained professionals available outside of the urban areas so traditional medicine is still prevalent throughout the island.13 Buka is actually the site of a large social movement called Hahalis Welfare Society. This is referred to as a payload cult by the church and Australian government. This society was established as a result of new taxes. They were supported by cash crops and fumble gardens in which young women were encouraged to build the societies population. Over 400 Australian police were needed to restore order. Eventually the society became very prominent supported the Meekamui Onoring Pontoku (Fifty Toea Movement) which was a source of much conflict at the end of the 1980s.This society was one of the first to display Bougainvillean nationalism and brought about many militant formations. 14 Barnard, A. , (2006) Patterns of Masculine Protest among the Buka, Journal of Personality, 11 (4), 302-311 Haviland, W. , (2002) cultural Anthropology, Wadsworth Publishing Resture, J. , (2008), Bougainville History, http//www. janesoceania. com/bougainville_history/index. htm, accessed November 29, 2008 Zimmer-Tamakoshi, L, (2007) Culture of Papua New Guinea, http//www. everyculture. com/No-Sa/Papua-New-Guinea. html, accessed November 29, 2008

Teaching Plan

CLINICAL TEACHING PLAN make water Course and Year BSN 3-A Class Schedule Monday, Tuesday & Wednesday Instructor Date of entryway Oct. , 2011 A) Description of Learners The learners are BSN Level 3 students. The average age cheat on is from 18- 20 years old, single and full- time students. Enrolled and registered in the said college school. The bran-new curriculum requires them to report iii days in school and three days in the clinical area for their RLE or practicum requirements following the 3/3 plan.Their exposure to the clinical Area will enable them to radiation diagram their skills in the art and practice of rendering appropriate nursing bring off and intervention. To apply, practice, and enhance of what they learn in school during the return demonstration session. To armed service their patients become independent in health flush and/ or tutelage and rehabilitation, whatever the case may be. To teach patients regarding in health teach on how tom prevent illness and h ow to promote health. B) Focus of Clinical Experience Nursing care of clients who are confined in Pedia defend who have different cases.Most belong to the lower income level. C) Setting The Pedia shelter is located beside the Nurses Station. It has a 10 bed capacity. D) apprize or Orientation a) discuss and explain the learning objectives of the RLE in the Pedia Ward. b) Discuss the requirements and specific activities during the duty hour. c) bring forth the endorsement from the outgoing shift. d) Explain the temperament of the evaluation and grading system as follows i. Psychomotor 50% * legal opinion 10% * Planning and Implementation 30% Evaluation 10% ii. emotive Attitude/ Professionalism 20% * Is neat and well- groomed 5% * Observes punctuality in all activities 5% * Is reliable, dependable and resourceful 5% * Shows composure in handling emergency/ Crisis situations 5% iii. Cognitive Cognitive Knowledge 30% TOTAL 100% SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES FIRST WEEK TIME 1 2 3 00- 800 Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) 800- 900 Receive moment Receive irregular/ Receive secondment 900- 1000 Ward Orientation and Rounds Bedside care/ homework of medicine Bedside care/preparation of medication 1000-1030 First business deal (5students) 1030-1100 Second group (6 students) 1100-1200 Vital signs taking/ bill of intake and take/Charting and Graphing Vital signs taking / measure of insert and output/ self-aggrandising of medication Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication/ Charting and Graphing 1200-130 report Group Discussion Evaluation f workweek Performance 200- 330 bit Endorsement Endorsement 330- 400 actuate time travelling time Travel time age TIME 4 5 6 700- 800 Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) 800- 900 Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement/ Rounds 900- 1000 Bedside Care/Preparation of medicaments Bedside Care/Preparation of Medications / CBG Bedside Care/Preparatio n of Medications 1000-1030 First batch (6 students) 030-1100 Second batch (5 students) 1100-1200 Vital signs taking/ Giving of Medications/ Charting and Graphing Vital signs taking/Giving of Medication/ Charting and Graphing Vital signs taking/ Charting and Graphing 1200-100 Measuring of intake and output concise Quiz Measuring of intake and output 100-200200-330 Reporting Reporting Reporting 330- 400 Travel time Travel time Travel time SECOND WEEK Days terzetto WEEK Days TIME 7 8 9 00- 800 Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) 800- 900 Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement/ Rounds 900- 1000 Bedside care/ Health Teachings/ Preparation of Medications Bedside care/ procedural activities / Preparation of Medications Bedside care/ Procedural activities/ Preparation of medication 1000-1030 First batch (6 students) 1030-1100 Second batch (5 students) 100-1200 Vital signs taking/CBG Vital signs taking/ Giving of medicati on Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication 1200-100 measuring of intake and output/Graphing/Charting Measuring of intake and output Graphing/Charting Measuring of intake and output/ Graphing/Charting 100-200200-330 ReportingEndorsement ReportingEndorsement Reporting/evaluationEndorsement 330- 400 Travel time Travel time Travel time quaternate WEEK TIME 10 11 12 700- 800 Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) Devotional (RTMDH) 800- 900 Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement/ Rounds Receive Endorsement 900- 1000 Preparation of Medication Preparation of Medication Rounds 1000-1030 First batch (5 students) 1030-1100 Second batch (6 students) 100-1200 Vital signs taking/ Giving medication/CBG Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication/ Measuring of input and output/CBG Vital signs taking 1200-100100-200 Measuring of Intake and getup/ Graphing/ChartingGroup Discussion Case Study Presentation/ Evaluation of NCP and Drug listPost- running game Final Evaluation of Over- all Performance Distribution of Final grades 200- 330 Endorsement Endorsement Endorsement 330- 400 Travel time Travel time Travel time Days (HEALTH EDUCATION) Submitted by Mary Angeli P. Balomit BSN 3-A Submitted to Mrs. Carla Guilaran (Teacher)

Automatic Controls for Any Process

Chapter 5Automatic ControlsAutomation plays a authentically critical function in the development and promotion of whatsoever carcass. Automatic fitler refers to the get wind of any procedure, twisting or a placement utilizing unbidden agencies instead than manual(a) visit. Automation a body is done to better the creation debut and to increase the increaseiveness of the transcription. Automatic ensure has become an built-in specify in every field whether it is industry, robotics, vehicles, power belongss, etc. to increase the productiveness, public introduction and efficiency of the system control systems ar employ to fill the mechanization. Control system fundamentally refers to the interconnectedness of the constituents to configure the system to app closure forth the envy end product.5.1 Types of Control SystemThere be fundamentally both fonts of control systems bode 5.1 prefatory types of Control systemsClosed cringle system is good than unfastened cring le system. The control system enforce for this childbed is a closed cringle electronic control unit which arsehole command the end product of the system.5.2 Components of Control systemThere argon assorted constituents of control system that includes the procedure whose end product is to be controlled, infos encyclopaedism unit, electronic control unit and end product devices.5.2.1 ProcedureIt is the basic constituent of the control system as this is the constituent whose end product is to be controlled utilizing the automatic control. So it is required to mathematically pattern the procedure to understand the carriage of the stimulation and so act as forth the desired and controlled end product ( Mutambara Arthur 1999 ) .Top of FormBottom of Form5.2.2 Data Acquisition UnitIt is that unit of the system that fag end mensurate galvanising or natural measure in the pattern of electromotive force, current, temperature, sound, etc. It by and large measures the pair signal an d so treat it utilizing signal instruct or pair to digital convertor. The physiologic information from the detectors is send to the cardinal unit to be processed. PIC16f73 littlecontroller is use as the nucleus of DAU and it performs the repeat to digital alteration and so sends the processed end product signal to the end product device. PIC microcontroller is chosen as it provides the necessary functionalities mandatory to the substance abuser. Besides it has utmost velocity parallel to digital rebirth ability. PIC microcontroller is farther connected to liquid crystal disposition ( LCD ) , doorbell and a motor to expose the end product.Basic constituents of DAQ unitFigure 5.2 Components of DAQ unit ( What is data acquisition? 2014 )Detectordetector is an input device apply to mensurate the physiological signals akin temperature, idle olfactory property, etc. It is in any event called transducer that converts a physical signal into measureable electrical signal. The elec trical end product of the detector may be in the signifier of current, electromotive force, opposition or early(a) electrical signal depending upon the type of detector used. In this undertake, intoxi so-and-sot detector and eye-blink detectors argon used which ar already discussed in the old chapter 3 and 4.DAQ DeviceIt is the interface among the input signal from the detector and the figure shape. It is fundamentally used to substitute over the linear signal coming from the detector into a digital signal which stick out be tripping interpreted by the computation machine. Its chief map is to mensurate the parallel signal utilizing signal conditioning and so change over it into digital signifier. For this project the microcontroller go away choke as a DAQ device and it will work on the operating instructions programmed in its computer storage. Microcontroller used in this undertaking has inbuilt parallel to digital convertor so at that place is no demand to link parall el to digital convertor externally.Computer SystemThe DAQ device is connected to the figuring machine utilizing a port. The calculate machine coach linking the DAQ and the computing machine system acts as a communicating nexus betwixt the computing machine and the DAQ device for go throughing the instructions and the measured informations. In this undertaking, a political program is written in programming package ( Mikro C ) and this plan is fed into the DAQ device utilizing a microcontroller burner and a coach. This connexion between the DAQ device and computing machine is made simply for infixing the codification into it. After that there is no demand for computing machine, the device will execute its maps on its ain ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) .5.2.3 electronic Control unitThe electronic control unit ( ECU ) controls the fuel system, ignition system and velocity of the engine. It chiefly consists of microprocessors or microcontrollers, random entree entrepot ( hale ) , read nevertheless memory ( ROM ) and input end product devices. Based on the information from the input detectors, the ECU determines the end product of the electronics circuit. It is considered as the encephalon of the control system as its work is to take the signal and bring forth the mechanically controlled signal required by the end product. Microcontroller serves both the intent of informations acquisition and commanding the end products of the undertaking ( Vincent T, Ciulla 2002 ) .5.2.4 Output ActuatorIt is besides known as end product device that converts the electrical signal into some physical end product. It receives the controlled signal from the electronic control unit in the signifier of electrical signal. It is the device which influences the procedure of the system physically and forces the device to bring forth the coveted end product. The actuator applicable to this undertaking is motor that is used to bespeak the end product of the system.This undertaking b esides requires a control unit as the vehicle is automatically controlled in this system.5.3 Types of electronic controlThree types of electronic controls are used majorly in any system Figure 5.3 Types of Electronic ControlsComparison between different types of controls is devoted in the following tabular array base upon their characteristics and public presentation. This comparing is draw to find the go around suited type of control to be used in this undertaking. hold over 5.1 Comparison between different types of controlsMicroprocessorMicrocontrollerProgrammable Logic ControlA microprocessor works as a Central Processing Unit of a general intent computing machine.It can be considered as micro computing machine as all the constituents are embedded on a individual bit.It is a specialised system designed to command the industrial procedures and machinery.I/O ports, memory, timers, interrupts, etc are non inbuilt so they are connected externally.Microcontroller has all the exces s peripherals deal I/O ports, memory, timers, counters, interrupts, etc are built-in inside the bit merely.It has a programmable memory to hive away specific maps like on/ forward control, timers, counters, arithmetic and informations handling. It has limited figure of inputs and end products.Microprocessors establish systems are gigantic and rightfully practically expensive as it gives rattling high bear upon velocity.These are easy available and are less(prenominal) bulky and much cheaper than microprocessors.PLCs are usage programmed for merely peculiar undertakings so their hardware is truly dearly-won and need regular care.But its drawback is that it has really some pins that are programmable.Most of the pins of microcontroller are programmable.It is a programmable logic control and uses ladder logic for scheduling.It can merely manage a a couple of(prenominal) spot of instructions as it has really less built-in memory.It has inbuilt memory so it has many spots to man age instructions.It has really small memory which can manage few instructions.It is widely used in desktop computing machines and laptop, notepads, etc due to its high processing velocity.It has moderate processing velocity so it is widely used in little control systems, contraptions like oven, telecastings, etc.It is by and large used for industrial applications for automatic control of industrial machinery, procedure etc.Slightly macro surface due to excess peripherals and operates above 1Ghz.Small in size and operates from really few MHzs to 30-50 Mhz.Its size varies from little, medium to really big PLC panels.Examples of microprocessors are 8085, 8086, INTEL Pentium series, etc.Examples of microcontrollers are INTEL8051, PIC16f73, PIC16F877, etc.Examples of PLC are industrial control, industrial safety applications, etc.The research worker heady to utilize the microcontroller bit for the processing of detected signals because it is little in size, cheap and consumes less pow er. It does non necessitate any external input/ end product ports, memory, timers or interrupts as it has all these characteristics inbuilt in its internal architecture. Higher compound of microcontroller besides reduces the cost and size of the system which serves the basic demand of the user every bit good as the research worker. PLC based systems are really much expensive to be used for this intent ( fundamentals of microcontrollers 2011 ) .5.3.1 Choice of microcontroller for the undertakingAfter make up ones fountainheading the microcontroller it is of import to make up ones mind which microcontroller should be used in this peculiar undertaking that can vanquish suit the demands of the undertaking. For this intent a comparing between different types of microcontroller is drawn in the undermentioned tabular array.Table 5.2 Comparison of Different MicrocontrollersPropertiesPIC microcontrollerMicrocontroller 8051AVRDirection SetIt is based on reduced instruction set computer ( trim delegacy set calculation ) . It has merely 35 set of instructions that makes its architecture easy to larn.It is based on CISC ( Complex direction set calculation ) . It has a big figure of instructions about 250 instructions.It is besides based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) but it has big direction set i.e. non-orthogonal. It has about 140 instructions.Processing SpeedIt can treat 3 trillion instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of PIC, quantify frequence is divided by 4.It can treat 1 one trillion million million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of 8051, quantify frequence is divided by 12.It can treat 12 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of AVR, clock frequence is divided by 1.ADCIts velocity of parallel to digital transition is really fast than AVRs.It does non hold inbuilt parallel to digital convertors like PIC and AVR.Its parallel to digital transition velocity is slower than PIC.Power inge stionIt has least power ingestion.It consumes the most power out of all the three microcontrollers.It consumer higher(prenominal) power than PIC microcontroller.ProgramingIt is really easy programmable IC as it really easy to code.Cryptography of microcontroller 8051 is besides easy.It has really complex cryptography for novices as compared to other two microcontrollers.MemoryIt has 8k bum memory, 368?8 byte RAM.It has 256 byte internal RAM and 4k on-chip ROM.It has 8k byte flash memory, 1k byte RAM.Cost and AvailabilityIt is easy available in market and that excessively at low cost.It is besides low lost and easy available.It is dearly-won as compared to 8051 and PIC micro accountant and handiness is besides limited.As detectors are used in this undertaking so it is better to utilize a microcontroller with built-in ADC with fast transition velocity alternatively of utilizing separate ADC after every detection faculty. By maintaining this in head the research worker had studied the characteristics of assorted microcontrollers which can be used to devour the stroke bar system and in conclusion reached to the decision of utilizing PIC ( Peripheral Interface Controller ) microcontroller.Researcher decided to utilize PIC16f73 is used in the undertaking due to its high parallel to digital transition. The pin architecture of PIC16f73 is given figure 5.4.5.4 Architecture of PIC16f73 microcontrollerFigure 5.4 Architecture of microcontroller PIC16f73 ( Microchip 2002 )It is a 28 pin IC and the coveted undertaking can be made utilizing 28 pins with 3 input end product ports. It has 192 byte RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and it is based on RISC architecture with merely 35 set of instructions. It has 8k brassy memory, 4k programmable memory and 368?8 byte RAM. It has 3 ports viz. port A, B and C. port A consists of 5 parallel to digital channels for ADC transition. Assorted parametric quantities for choosing PIC16f73 microcontroller are listed below.PerformancePIC16f7 3 microcontroller which will be used in the execution of this undertaking is a 28 pin IC with 3 input-output ports. It besides has 192 bytes of RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and is based on RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computation ) architecture for better public presentation of the Accident Prevention System. It has much faster transition velocity of parallel to digital transition than other accountants.Power ingestionA PIC controlled system has minimal power ingestion with good public presentation which is needed by the accident bar system. So this characteristic of PIC is really utile for the system being developed as the system would work on minimum power without compromising the system public presentation.MemoryThe accident bar system utilizing intoxicant and oculus winking sensing can be done utilizing the built-in memory of PIC but mum if the demand of memory of the system increases. PIC microcontroller besides has 4k programmable brassy memory and most of the PIC based sys tems are memory expandible and can spread out its memory as per use and type of application. To implement this system its built-in memory is adequate ( Bates Martin, 2011 ) .Therefore from this chapter, the control unit used for this undertaking is finalized. This chapter gives a brief overview of assorted control devices. Comparison between different control systems is drawn. The justification for taking a peculiar control unit is besides given. The short account of microcontroller used is besides given in this chapter.Now all the basic constituents to be used in the undertaking are decided. Therefore from the following chapter, design of circuitry and the system will be done. After that this system should be implemented and so tested.

Project Management Tools/Methods Essay

Over the years, Information engine room (I. T) cats has been known to fail, that is, they atomic number 18 either blameless with over budget or not completed within clock and budget. Information Technology discovers atomic number 18 practically decomposable and detailed in nature and require cognitive knowledge and skills for its accomplishment. I. T attends atomic number 18 often difficult to estimate and sell as al about projects are either tail assemblycelled or reduced in context beca delectation of over budgeting and time over subject outs or failure to produce anticipated utilitys (Kumar, 2001). trouble of I.T projects is often characterised by the inability to meet the customers requirement or potpourri in requirements during the project. To achieve a made project, monitor and direct growth instruction execution is important, that is, falsify of Information Technology projects involves the use of appropriate anxiety frameworks/ mannerologies and planni ng cocksuckers. In this report, we are tone ending to look at the various ways of we can monitor and manage I. T projects, evaluating both(prenominal) counsel frameworks/methodologies and planning tools employ with vital summary on their functions, benefits as well as their weaknesses.Project monitoring and control are steps taking to sustainment track of a project process to ensure its success. Project monitoring is the gathering of information to run into the current state and construct of a Project in social intercourse to its expected state and success (McBride, 2008 Aljibouri, 2003). Despite driving forces put into project planning, things do change or occur that cause our project to derail. At this point, an utile monitoring and control process is effective and required to get the project back on course.It is in the control and monitoring process that we keep track of the project process, identify deviations, and determine and implement corrective actions. umpte en Organisations tend to manage I. T projects in an unstructured or ad hoc manner throughout its life cycle with limited understanding of the family relationship between I. T project implementation and traditionalistic business military operation metrics (Stewart, 2008). The attention to schedule and cost are of utmost relevance in project monitoring and control as well as the scope of the project, risk and change control plus the overall performance measurement and reporting.The essential purpose of project monitoring and control is to racy the project manager to any project inter-dependencies that are becoming small in terms of delivery date, resource allocation, cost or benefits (Lycett et. al, 2002). The canonical challenge of project management in achieving its goals it based on managing efficaciously its typical constraints which include time, scope, budget. The following activities are involved in monitoring and control of I. T Projects * The adoption of appropriate m anagement framework/ methodology reporting structure, assessing progress, communication. Use of Planning and scheduling tools/techniques e. g. Gantt chart, PERT, CPA, WBS e. t. c * data control reporting progress of risk or staff activities attention FRAMEWORKS/METHODOLOGIES Project management methodologies can be utter to be a set of principles or guidelines that can be outlined and applied in monitoring and control of projects. Project management framework defines and determines how to initiate and run a project. These various methodologies ensure * Cl previous(predicate) visible and defined management process for project execution * Defined line of reporting and close making Risk management * Staff are appropriately happy and suitable to handle and run projects * Commitment to the proposed project. There so roughly(prenominal) various methodologies available as it all depends which suits the organisation practice. Here are a few of some(prenominal) well known ones belo w PRINCE 2 It is an acronym for Project IN Controlled Environment. PRINCE 2 is a structured project management methodology and a widely used standard for managing I. T projects. It significantly provides assistance with the optimal usage of resources with risk management initiatives to manage projects.Elkington and smallman (2000), argues that though the PRINCE 2 method has greatly increased the success rate of projects, further it has little in the way of directing project managers in use project risk. It offers no advice to project managers on risk estimation. PRINCE 2 promotes consonance of project work and also facilitates staff mobility, diminution of force change rival. The method also provides for the absolute recognition of project responsibilities in score for sliceicipants to understand each other(a)s role.The Prince 2 method helps you work out who should be involved and their responsibility. Due to the numerous changes attached to I. T projects, PRINCE 2 has a technique of controlling the impact of change in a project so as to prevent the project from derailing from the dependable direction. SSADM Structured System Analysis and Design Method is a method widely used in information dodge culture in the U. K. it is based on data flow diagram. SSADM divides a system betterment project into stages, steps and tasks and provides a framework for analysing projects in a defined way to manage project.It aims at improving project management and control, develop role systems, and establish a framework for good communication among personnel in a project team. It also ensures project continuity if thither is a loss of staff without any effect on the project success (Middleton and McCollum, 2001). However, some limitations occur in the use of SSADM as it puts much emphasis on the analysis of the system and its documentation. This causes the impact of over-analysing, and can be cost and time consuming. Also, due to various types of description met hod, consistency checks cannot be carried out.The outline diagram can become very unclear, especially with queen-size systems because all relevant data flow tolerate to be included. brisk Methodology energetic Development is a term that covers several repetitious and incremental computer software package reading methodologies. This agile methodologies includes Scrum, Extreme computer programming (XP), energetic systems development method (DSDM), Crystal, Feature-Driven development (FDD) e. t. c Agile Software development represents a major departure from traditional plan based approaches to software engineering (Dyba and Dingsoyr, 2008).Each of these Agile methods is unique in its specific approach, nevertheless they all share a common core values and vision. Agile method is a new system development methodology which is used by software development teams to improve the software development process in terms of increased productivity of I. T personnel and high quality of the final I. T solutions (Chan and Thong, 2008). gibe to Chan and Thong, (2008) Reifer, (2002), agile methodologies, such as Extreme programming (XP) and Scrum have received praise from practitioners because of their abilities to behave with volatile requirements.Although the deployment of these agile methodologies by I. T personnel is still resistance, diligence surveys have indicated that its acceptance in I. T organisations is still at an early phase with many respondents indicating a limited knowledge (Chan and Tong, 2008). Also, in as much as the agile method have generated quite a bit of controversy, but since its entrance into the software community, most projects have go on to deliver high quality software systems within time than the traditional processes. BASIC I. T PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING TOOLSun same(p) types of planning and scheduling tools exists, but we are going to discuss some of the basic one used in managing Information technology projects l ike Gantt Charts, CPM, PERT, WBS Gantt chart and Critical path Analysis flow diagrams are two commonly used tools for detailed project management planning, scheduling, cost and budgeting. Gantt chart is a typical scheduling method for most types of projects. A Gantt chart provides a pictorial illustration of a schedule which helps in planning, co-ordinating and tracking specific tasks in a project. A key make of Gantt charts is its focus on systemic rather than algorithmic solutions to utilisation problems (Wilson, 2003). It specifies heterogeneous task sequence, that is, a task or more can be required to be completed before other tasks can start. According to Maylor, (2001), he emphasizes that the use of Gantt chart in controlling information systems projects is honorable as it shows clearly the overlap of scheduled tasks, which commonly occurs in system development. Gantt chart supports modification of task dependencies, creation of new task conjunction as well as re-schedulin g individualistic tasks.It also helps to evaluate the progress of a project. Although, Gantt chart is a widely used and beneficial tool which gives clear illustration of project status, it also has some limitations. Gantt chart do not show task dependencies of one task to another, that is, it is difficult for you to expect or tell the effect of a task falling stool schedule of which PERT chart does. Also, Gantt chart does not show the exigency of completing one task before the start of another as Critical Path Analysis will do. Gantt chart is also often used as a reporting tool.PERT and CPM Type Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are useful tools that help to manage and schedule complex projects. Activities of a complex projects can be performed parallel and some sequentially. The collection of these activities can be modelled as a communicate. PERT type network looks for the schedule to minimize the design function of the total elap sed project time, that is, it determines the start and the finish multiplication of each activity or task. CPM type is based on the critical path method.It looks for the schedule with the minimum cost in a explicit period of time (a case where the cost is associated with each task). CPM provides a graphical view of a project, helps predict the time required for project finish and shows which activities are critical to maintaining the schedule and which are not. CPM execution can modify monitoring and control over various topics uniquely related to software projects (Gelbard et al, 2002). The CPM considers a set of precedence relations between the tasks of a project, that is, some tasks moldiness be finished before other tasks can be started (Conde, 2009).CPM helps to plan all tasks that must be completed as part of a project. When managing I. T projects, CPM helps to get a project back on course by showing you where remedial actions need to be interpreted as in the case of Gantt Charts. CPM type is deterministic as it uses a fixed time estimate for each activity. According to Chanas and Zielinski, (2001) Yakhchali et al (2009), they emphasizes that the enormousness of CPM is that the activities duration time are deterministic and known, but the assumption cannot everlastingly be fulfilled with satisfying accuracy.Therefore, in order to deal with inexact durations, they suggested that PERT method be used, which has conception of random variable with genus Beta distribution to model the activity times. However, CPM is simple and easy to understand, but it does not consider the time variations that can have a huge impact on complex project completion time. For less routine projects, on that point is more uncertainty in the completion times of which PERT network is an alternative as it allows a mould of durations to be indicated for each activity. The reduction of time and cost required for project completion is one of the capabilities of a PERT network.PE RT assumes that the time estimate for an activity lies within the range of earliest time and latest time. It uses a three time estimates (optimistic, most likely, pessimistic) to compute the expected average time. However, PERT technique provides less benefit if the uncertainty of time estimates is relatively small and irrelevant. Chanas et al, (2001) and Conde, (2008) agrees that the PERT assumes beta distributions for the individual task completion times but also that the assumption and some other conditions are not exempt for criticism. Apart from that, PERT provides a scheduling mechanism that is based on resource reallocation and order the project activities for cognitively driven task like software projects and look/development projects. The main drawback of PERT technique is the difficulty of obtaining the time estimates Changes do occur in I. T development projects, of which most often chair to failure of the overall project. Controlling changes provides stability to proj ects. Changes to project agreement must be evaluated and recorded accordingly.According to Wang et al, (2008), change control facilitates software flexibility by controlling risks due to unstable scope and run-away requirements. Change control is necessary in project monitoring as it ensures * Prevention of unaccredited use of resources * Proper update of project plan, its scope, budget expectations, schedule and quality * That the recommended change is consistent with external agreements. Monitoring and control process is no doubt necessary in project development by use and application of methodologies, tools and techniques.However, evaluating the various ways, their functions and characteristics, it can be said that there is no better of f methods as they have their benefits and weaknesses in various areas which other encompasses and vice versa, in other words, there is no-one fits-all methodology. In practice, project managers have found out that it is difficult to simply use a methodology or tool exactly as it stands. But, it can be said that a good and successful project which delivers quality result, within time and budget are generally dependant on the quality and effort of participants from the project board down to the individual team members.